Focus Group Report - 275 Words

Focus Group Report (Other (Not Listed) Sample) Content: Focus Group ReportNameProfessorCourseDate Focus Group ReportDate: Facilitator: MohamedNote taker: Abdul-AzizThe interview started by an introduction from Abdul-Aziz who is an undergraduate student at Asai University. The student is majoring on HSS, which is about international affairs. The theme of the interview is digital engagement between the public and government. It very important for the government and the public to engage on each other. This will help the government to know the views of the public on what they like or what they are interested. The government will respond basing on the likes and interests of the public. In addition, the public can communicate any crucial information to the government through the engagement. This will assist the government to aware of what is happening within the rural or urban areas after which it will design a strategy in which to handle various issues to satisfy the public. Currently, the engagement between the government and the public has gone digital (Lee Kwak 2011, p. 73). This is because of the rapid changing technology in the digital era. The government and the public have been forced to use digital methods of engagement as twitter, facebook, and instagram.Digital methods of engagement have made the engagement between the government and the public easier. This is because everyone does not need to go to an institution, private places or public to get the resources such as the internet used in the engagement. Now days the internet is accessible in the individual mobile phones and the public can engage with the government when travelling, at home or anywhere else. The public will engage the government on various international views, which are of much important in their daily activities. The government will act on the opinions raised by the public on international relations by acting on specific activities that will help the public. This will make the public feel recognized and part of the government as their foreign views and needs are considered.The research will focus on the Middle East specifically United Arab Emirates. This is because it is the most developed country in the Middle East in terms of technology. Middle East is crucial in terms of international relations as it has more vested interests to the western countries. From an interview, we noticed that engaging with the government using the social media applications or programs is easier and convenient. This is because using social media programs or applications, there is no need of going to specific places such that one could engage with the government. An individual can engage with the government in any place at home, driving or any other convenient location. The applications are installed on the mobile phones, which are portable, and one can engage with the government without looking for a computer or any other inconvenient device. To engage with the government without the internet and social media is possible but it is much slower as compared to the digital engagement.The youths in the Emirates do not discuss political issues on the social media because there is no political problem (Lee Kwak 2011, p. 129). The youths do not see any need to venture into political issues on the social media yet they do not have any crucial problem. The youths prefer to deal with issues of development as employment instead of political issues. The discussion of political issues on the social media has various impacts. When any political issue is posted on the social media, the affected parties will react positively or negatively as per the post. For example in Egypt, the revolution started as a result of the message from the facebook. This led to great destruction and no one is living in Egypt it is undergoing a revolution after destruction. The destruction was because of the social media, which is specifically facebook. The message, which was posted on facebook, affected the Yaafs and it led to losing destru ction of property. Discussing politics on the social media has some impacts and it should be handled carefully to avoid the destructions, which might occur as a result of posts on the social media.Currently, there is no political problem in the emirates and that is why there is no political discussion on the social media. When a problem on political issues arises, it will be discussed on the social media. This is because this is the convenient way that the public can engage the government. The public will post the problem and the possibilities of how the problem can be solved. The government will act as per the views from the public. For example, there is a discussion of political issues on the social media in Saudi Arabia. The public in the Saudi Arabia are writing on the facebook, twitter, and putting pictures on instagram. Any positive or negative activity happening in the country, the people are posting them on the social media. If the activity is positive, the people will appre ciate the government and if it is negative, they will criticize the government. All these posts are related to the political problems occurring in the country of Saudi Arabia (Lee Kwak 2011, p. 106). The public is posting the discussion such that the government is touched and it will act by dealing with the problems immediately.When the youths are using the social media, what they are discussing will be effected both in the community, countrywide and outside the country. The impacts of political discussion on the social media do not affect the community or country having the problem alone. This is because the social media is free for anyone to access worldwide. This is because any political discussion posted on the social media can be seen by anyone within the country or outside the country. The residents in the country both the adults and the young ones who can access the social media will see the posts about the problem. Residents will be affected as they might change their norma l ways of handling daily activities due to the political discussion posts on the social media. Other people in different countries will see what happen in the country is and they will react in different ways by not visiting the country or limiting the number of visits to the country. This will automatically affect the economic, political, and social development of the country. Many people in the country and outside the country will be affected directly or indirectly.In UAE, the leaders are on social media as they have web pages on facebook, twitter, and instagram. The leaders are updating their web pages frequently and what they are posting will affect the other people in the country or outside the country positively. This is because the residents will post their opinions and ideas on how they want the country to operate. The leaders will get the views of the public and they will as per their interests. For example, the people of UAE posted an opinion on the twitter that they want t he flags to be raised the house of every resident (Lee Kwak 2011, p. 95). The leaders received the opinion by reading it on the social media and they responded to the opinion by taking action of raising flags on top of the houses. On the other hand, the leaders or the government can post their opinion or what they anticipate doing on the social network. The public will respond to the posts and the government will know the point of view of the public and whether to proceed with the opinion or drop it.The leaders can use the social media to request for aids from different countries. From my own opinion, this is not the best way to engage with the government. Engaging with the government on the social media will expose all the secrets of the country to other countries. The other countries will know the problems or weakness in which the country is facing. Other countries can use the exposed information to attack a country or take advantage of the problems. For example, if there are a f inancial crisis in the country and this information is exposed on the social media, the other will know the problem and they will take advantage. They will give loans but raise the interest, as they are sure that the government does not have other options but to take the offer.Private communication on the social media is the best way to engage with the government. This is because what is being discussed or communicated will not be exposed to other countries or any other party, which is not interested. In Abu Dhabi, there is the installation of applications and programs in buildings, which will enable the government to communicate specifically to certain individuals or departments. For example, when there is a problem in police or security department, the ...

Belonging Essay. - 1303 Words

‘An individual’s interaction with others and the world around them can enrich or limit their experience of belonging.† Discuss this view with detailed reference ( 2010 HSC Question) Considered a fundamental aspect of being human, belonging is an ambiguous concept which can offer individuals a sense of identity, security and connectedness. Experiences of belonging are closely related to a person’s interaction with others, as positive experiences can enrich their sense of belonging, and negative experiences can limit their sense of belonging. An individual’s limited experience of belonging through their inability to positively interact with others can often incite them to reject the majority through acts of defiance, self-alienation and†¦show more content†¦This is further reinforced in his character’s name, â€Å"A-lex†, which literally means ‘without law’, showcasing that Alex is a character with a â€Å"law unto himself†. This choice of character’s name, coupled with the intimate close-up, demonstrates that he does not care for positive interactions within society and this therefore limits his sens e of belonging to the group, but enhances his sense of belonging to himself. Alex’s psychological thirst to rebel is glorified and represented by the non-diegetic musical underscore of Ludwig van Beethoven’s ninth symphony, a piece which reiterates ironically throughout the entirety of the film as a recurring motif of violence. The symphony is heard primarily in the scenes in which Alex is deep in sadistic thought, which is ironic in that Beethoven meant to convey human goodness through its four movements, further demonstrating the protagonist’s desire for negative interactions with others, leading to limited experiences of belonging. What Beethoven meant to convey is vastly different to what Alex hears, and this also displays that his sense of security to himself allows him to commit evil towards the community and therefore develops a barrier to belonging to the community. Enriched experiences of belonging, on the other hand, are often initiated at birth with a person’s interactions within their family, as is itShow MoreRelatedBelonging Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesBelonging Essay Concept, perceptions and ideas to belong or not to belong differ from person to person. This is due to experiences that shape ones personality that come through personal, cultural, social and historical context. The idea of belonging allows one to have some sort of connection and communal with people, places, groups, communities and the wider world. In contrast not belonging causes one to suffer from alienation, exclusion and marginalisation. As a result these factors can cause anRead MoreBelonging Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesPeter Skrzynecki Belonging Essay Significant moments in time shape an understanding of belonging. Explore how this is evident in you prescribed text and at least ONE other related text of your own choosing. Belonging is defined as fitting in to a particular environment or having the right personal or social qualities to be a member of a particular group. Our belonging to or connections with people, places and groups allows one to develop a distinct identity characterised by affiliation, acceptanceRead MoreBelonging Essay2272 Words   |  10 Pages  ENGLISH   CONTENTS    PAGE:   BELONGING    BELONGING   ESSAY   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ   PAGES   2- ­Ã¢â‚¬ 3    BELONGING   SHORT   STORY   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ   PAGES   4- ­Ã¢â‚¬ 5       1        BELONGING   ESSAY    Perceptions   of,   and   attitudes   towards   belonging   are   varied   and   complex,   with    individuals   shaped   by   their   social,   historical   and   cultural   contexts.   Despite   being    inherent,   a   sense   of   belonging   may   be   experienced   throughRead MoreBelonging Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pages‘Belonging’ Essay To a certain extent the different groups we belong to define who we are, however there are times when a certain group can separate you from belonging. Being accepted within a group defines who you are as you share similar qualities and morals, making it easier to be socially accepted and create relationships. On the other hand, you can physically belong to a group but not always emotionally belong as your individual beliefs create a barrier to belong. ‘Belonging’ is defined asRead MoreBelonging Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesBelonging Essay It is a well-known fact that belonging to a group can make an individual feel not only accepted, but more powerful that if they were on their own. Whether it is a community, youth group or even religion, belonging is an everyday occurrence of like that many of us do not even realise. Belonging to a group is more influential than belonging to an individual. We can see this in the texts The Crucible by Arthur Miller, 1984 by George Orwell and the listening task. Belonging to a groupRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 PagesHSC Subject Guide Belonging 2009 HSC: Area of Study – English - related material English HSC 2009 - 2012 is Belonging. What does belonging mean? From the Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus: belong, verb, 1) to be rightly put into a particular position or class; 2) fit or be acceptable in a particular place or environment; 3) belong to be a member of; 4) belong to be the property or possession of. Belonging, noun, affiliation, acceptance, association, attachment, integration, closeness, rapport,Read MoreBelonging Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesBelonging consists of a struggle with opposing pressures. A desire to belong also consists of emotional conflicts and struggles between being acknowledged while also remaining as an individual and retaining personal ideals which may ultimately result in a connection. This is explored in Emily Dickinson’s selected poetry I died for beauty, but was scarce and I had been hungry all the years , as well as Scott Westerfeld’s novel Uglies. These texts all depict a struggle between being recognised andRead MoreEssay abo ut Belonging1066 Words   |  5 PagesEssay â€Å"A sense of belonging requires an understanding of one’s past.† Although the main aspect of this quote is referring to the past; in other words time, it could also mean features of the past, such as people, places, past experience etc. These aspects of belonging are extensively shown within Peter Skrzynecki’s ‘Immigrant Chronicle’; in particular the poems ‘Feliks Skrzynecki’ and ‘in the folk museum’. Belonging and all of its aspects are also shown through the movie ‘Dead Poets society’ andRead MoreBelonging Essay773 Words   |  4 PagesBelonging means different things to different people. The most common definition is feeling a sense of connectedness to a person, place or thing. Understanding nourishes belonging while a lack of understanding can prevent people from belonging. This is shown through Peter Skrzynecki’s poem ‘Migrant hostel’ which is about the challenges faced by travelers on their journey, and the hardships they have to overcome by exchanging their old world for the unfamiliar and unwelcoming new world in which theyRead MoreBelonging Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of belonging deals with not only acceptance but also with dejection and alienation. This concept can influence our belonging to a relationship or place by our background and culture. These ideas are explored through Shakespeare’s play â€Å"As You Like IT†, the poem â€Å"Villane on a Theme† by George Good and the film â€Å"Remember the Titans† directed by Boaz Yakin. By analysing the texts in relation to belonging we see a variety of perceptions to belonging in the means of relationships, family and

Impact of Social Media on Relationships Essay - 1050 Words

Social networking can connect strangers across the world. As the evolution of communication continues, technology progresses and social networking grows. Social networks like Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook have grown to have billions of users. In fact in today’s society, it is necessary or nearly expected to use one if not all of these technological communication networks. The increasing use of social networking has had both a negative and positive effect on communication in relationships. The purpose of this literary analysis is to answer if social networks are helpful or harmful to relationships. As social networking evolves, different aspects of communication suffer. Such as the social penetration theory, which†¦show more content†¦With the expedient process of getting to know someone, relationships can rise and fall much quicker. Aside from expediting relationships, there is the factor of getting to know someone for who they really are. In social networks, †Å"the CliffsNotes of a persons life will never give you an accurate representation of the reality. We create the image that we want to convey through our activity on social media. Its much easier to convey the reality that we want to portray on the Internet than to live it in real life.† (Curry, 2013). People often put the best things about themselves on their social network; in fact many show the life they wish they had. This can be detrimental to relationships, because no one is ever transparent or honest. In considering relationships, â€Å"the truth is that the content and character of a person should be revealed in layers. The development of a fruitful relationship takes effort, and it is impossible to reach a level of depth with a person by meticulously parsing his Facebook self† (Curry, 2013). Real relationships and depth cannot be established when merely built online. Throughout the day college students, high school students, middle school students and increa sing number of elementary school students are constantly found on cell phones, lap tops, ipod, and ipads. They constantly text, email, instant message, instagram, and facebook, looking for anyway to becomeShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Social Media On Relationships1698 Words   |  7 PagesRelationships, both romantic and personal mean many things across different cultures, age and even gender. For this assignment I would like to examine the extent social media has on relationships. Nowadays people are finding their significant other, as well as forming close friendships with others online. â€Å"In particular, we now live in an era in which much of our social interaction is not of the face to face variety but rather takes place via text, instant message, Internet chat room, Facebook, Twitter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Read MoreImpact of Social Media on Relationships1079 Words   |  5 PagesImpact of Social Media on Personal Relationships Introduction Social media has had a major influence on society in the 21st century, enabling people to engage with each other in radically new and different ways. In less than a decade, it has transformed how we stay in touch with friends, shop, network and gather our news. Many of the almost 1 billion users of Facebook — and the millions who use Twitter, or blogs — cannot imagine communicating without these tools. Hence, there is a great impactRead MoreImpact Of Social Media On Relationships2178 Words   |  9 PagesImpact of Social Media on Relationships Does social media help us communicate effectively? Social media has created an epidemic of worldwide online communication among users. Users can communicate through a variety of social media outlets, such as but not limited to Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram; Facebook is the largest of the social media sites, with about 92% of users (Hampton, Goulet, Rainie, Purcell, 2011, p. 3). These tools are used to socialize and stay in contact with familiarRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Interpersonal Relationships1100 Words   |  5 Pages In order to understand the impact that social media and technology have had on human interpersonal relationships a perspective into the theories of interpersonal relations might be of help. First of all, the very basic definition of Interpersonal relationships are the social connections that we make with others. As human beings we have a multitude of interpersonal relationships; family, friends, love interests, marriage and fellow worker s. These relationships can be short lived, casual or long lastingRead MoreSocial Media s Impact On Interpersonal Relationships1621 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media has a great impact on the interpersonal relationships between people. Social media has a very wide and extensive reach throughout the world. However, does social media really have that much of an impact on regular day to day lives? How different would certain livelihoods and relationships be without the use of social media? I some ways, social media has been a godsend for introverts to be able to connect with real people without the need to physically get out of their comfort zone. InRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Relationships Essay1826 Words   |  8 PagesEllison et al believed that Facebook is a ‘rich site’ for research into the quality of relationships due its ‘heavy usage patterns’ and the mechanics of how it is more about offline to online relationships due the nature of the cre ation of the site, for university students to communicate. Facebook in incredibly different from other CMC as many users actually know most their ‘friends’ in real terms on the site. MySpace, which was set up in 2003, has over 200m users and was bought by Rupert MurdochsRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Buying Habits, Schooling, And Relationships1557 Words   |  7 Pagesthink about social media has now made a substantial impact on buying habits, schooling, and relationships. However, networking through social media plays a larger role in human lives than one may realize. When I hear the statement ‘everyone is a result of his or her surroundings’ has verified to be correct when discussing the effect of social media and web sharing. It is truly amazing to see that scientists have proposed that most social networks mainly upkeep current social relationships. FacebookRead MoreHigh Dependence On Social Media Technology1648 Words   |  7 Pagescentury, there is high dependence on social media technology in daily human interaction and sharing of information. This has shaped the social interactions and development of personal relationships of peop le more so teenagers. Individuals in the modern society use social media technology extensively, which has caused significant change in time people spend in alternative activities. That is, given a time constraint of 24 hours in a day, time spent in using social media technology is drawn from anotherRead MoreImpact of social media marketing1686 Words   |  7 PagesIMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA Abstract Over the years communication has evolved into a revolutionary platform, through the invention and development of Internet. The Internet has evolved from a means to facilitate data, to a platform of public communication through social media. Social media has opened up a plethora of opportunities for businesses to advertise, promote and market themselves to customers. This research paper discusses how social media has changed the scope of the traditional customerRead MoreSocial Medi Effects On Relationships1178 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Media: Effects on Relationships Social media has affected culture in many ways, mostly relationships. People who are affected by the change in their culture do to society, don’t realize the change that has occurred. Over the years social media has drastically increased and plays a huge role within relationships causing insecurity. Dating sites like EHarmony, Christian Mingle, and others have grown in popularity. Not only have the dating sites become more predominant, there are even ways to

History of the olympics Essay Example For Students

History of the olympics Essay History of the OlympicsIn 776 BC a foot race was run. The winner was the first Olympic hero ever. From that very first race to today, the Olympics have always been a way for nations to come together in friendly competition and international goodwill. The conditions of the first Olympics were not anything like they are today. The events were held in an open space in which a track had been paced off, areas for the javelin and discus had been laid out, etc. The spectators did not have stands to sit in; instead, they occupied the sloping areas around the track; sitting on blankets and sleeping in tents if they were wealthy enough to have one. Because the games were held during the hottest time of the year, flies were a terrible problem. The problem was so pervasive that an offering, in the form of a sacrifice, was made to Zeus, asking him to keep the flies away from Olympia. As time went on different features and structures were added to the site. A hippodrome was built for the chariot races, a gymnasium and bathhouse for the athletes, and even a hotel for the wealthiest of spectators. Vendors were there, selling wine that the spectators drank along with the cheese, bread and olives they ate. Sanitation was basically nonexistent. Wat er was always in short supply until Herodes Atticus of Athens built an aqueduct and a water system. This did not occur until the games had been taking place for 900 years. The contests consisted of foot races, horse and chariot races, boxing, wrestling, discus, javelin, broad jump, and horse races. The horse races were unique in that the prizes were given to the owner of the horse, not the rider. The discus, javelin and broadjump were part of the pentathlon event which also included a 200-meter dash and a wrestling match. The winner had to have taken three of the five events. On the fifth and final day of the festival, the athletes marched to the temple of Zeus to collect their winnings, the coveted victors olive wreath. The winner of an Olympic event won much more than just the olive wreath however. He was often awarded a cash bonus by his townspeople; sometimes a pension for life. Additionally, he was welcomed as a contestant at other festivals where the prizes were often large amounts of cash. In the beginning the athletes were aristocrats, as they had the free time necessary to train for the games. Additionally, they had the finances required to travel to the competition every four years. As time went on however, the games began to open up to the less fortunate. Villages and towns began to raise money to sponsor their own athletes, much like the corporations of today who sponsor Olympic teams.As was typical in Greek society, the games were open only to men. In addition to all of the athletes being male, the trainers were men as well. The article tells of a mother, so determined to see her son compete, that she dressed as a man to watch his competition. When her son won the event, she jumped over the barrier and revealed she was a woman. From that point on the trainers had to be naked along with the athletes. The trainers then are quite similar to trainers today. They kept their athletes on strict diets and focused training regimes. Eventually the athletes trained for ten months before the events were to take place. The sessions were grueling; just like they are for todays athletes. The original Olympic Games lasted for so long because they were a religious festival; in honor of Zeus. When Christianity began to spread across the ancient world, the festivals were held no more, as Zeus had lost his position. .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855 , .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855 .postImageUrl , .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855 , .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855:hover , .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855:visited , .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855:active { border:0!important; } .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855:active , .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855 .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc6478e0f2e76337dbb3b87c99063d855:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: I'm a Digital Dependant EssayThe site of the games was abandoned by order of the Roman Emperor Theodosius I in 393. Over time the location was devastated by earthquakes, invaders, and floods. In 1766 a British traveler found the site and in 1875 the first archaeologists began excavating it. It wasnt until 1896, after a French aristocrat interested in promoting athletic events, particularly the Olympic Games, that the modern Olympic Games took place.

The Role of Narcissism in Profile Picture Selection Essay Example For Students

The Role of Narcissism in Profile Picture Selection Essay As technology becomes increasingly a major part of our everyday lives, much of our interpersonal communication and interactions occurs online through online networks. Within the past decade, the introduction of social networking sites (SNS), such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and LinkedIn, places a new emphasis on first impressions. Instead of engaging in interpersonal communication and forming our own first impressions, an individual’s online profile picture presents a digital first impression, portraying one’s physical appearance, personality and character to their audience. As a society, we are motivated to constantly update, maintain and grow our online presences, gaining more connections, friends and followers via these social networking sites. We will write a custom essay on The Role of Narcissism in Profile Picture Selection specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Sanja Kapidzic, author of â€Å"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, from the Institut fur Kommunikationswisschenschaft und Medienforschung in Munchen, Germany, discusses a study regarding the correlation between narcissism and the personalization of online profile portrayal. In this study titled â€Å"Narcissism as a Predictor of Motivations Behind Facebook Profile Picture Selection,† Sanja Kapidzic focuses his research on the relationship between narcissism and the motivation behind self-presentation through profile pictures. By definition, narcissism is â€Å"the pursuit of gratification from vanity and egotistic admiration of ones own physical or mental attributes that derive from arrogant pride.† In relation to the study, narcissism relates to the online self-presentation of individuals with constant status updates or the display of self-promoting pictures pieces of media. Social networking sites allow narcissistic individuals the platform to present their profiles, while placing emphasis on features with the possibility of gaining admiration and attention. In general, the study explores whether narcissism influences an individual’s motivation behind selecting a profile picture for a social networking site. In relation to narcissism, this study looks at motivation with three categories: physical, personal and social factors. Self-presentation plays an essential role in SNS with the choosing of a personal image reflecting yourself, or your Facebook profile picture. Aside from narcissism, the study analyzes motivational factors in selecting a profile picture with gender specific stereotypes about appearances and the incorporation of social ties in the photo. Incorporating previous research, the connection between narcissism and online self-presentation also relates to the personality of the individual. According to the dynamic self-regulatory processing model of narcissism, an individual with a higher level of narcissism has a â€Å"highly inflated, positive self-concept and concern with their physical appearance.† With the addition of SNS now engraved into our daily routines, previous interpersonal interactions now occur online, where narcissists seek personal attention and positive feedback on their online profiles. Taking this previous research into consideration, this study took into account specific variables, such as age, self-esteem and the frequency of Facebook usage. Logistically, the study surveyed two hundred eighty eight college aged, communications students from a large Midwestern university. The participants ranged from age 18 to 25 years old with half men and women. The students were asked to respond to various surveys incorporating the following topics: narcissism, motivation attractiveness, motivation personality, motivation social ties, self-esteem and Facebook use. Each survey consisted of different response rating scales following each individual’s personal preferences and personalities. In response to the data and research questions, narcissism concluded to be a predictor in motivation of selecting pictures based on attractiveness. In comparison to the control variables of age, self-esteem and Facebook use, the hypothesis proved that narcissism is a motivating factor based on the individual’s personality. However, narcissism was not the leading predictor in relation to motivation for social ties or gender differentiation. In conclusion, the study further progressed the link between psychology and social media by connecting the levels of narcissism in the individuals’ online presence. Those individuals with higher levels of narcissism have different intrinsic motivation regarding their online profile than those with lower levels of narcissistic behavior. .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1 , .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1 .postImageUrl , .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1 , .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1:hover , .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1:visited , .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1:active { border:0!important; } .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1:active , .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1 .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf131124d226db1533cd59ea45c057ba1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on The Impact of Social Media Upon RelationshipsThe importance of this study reinforces the research and connection between psychology and the influence of social media in our society. Personality, behavior and motivation are all key psychology concepts that relate to our constantly evolving digital society. As we discussed in class, theories of motivation, such as the incentive motivation theory, also relates to this study. The incentive theory states that we are motivated to receive something in return for our actions. Naturally, people want to be rewarded for an action with some sort of incentive, such as food or money. In this case, individuals who scored higher levels of narcissism are looking for the incentive of â€Å"likes† or social approval. The act of receiving a â€Å"like† or â€Å"comment† on an image or personal status on Facebook drives the desire for the self-promotion and an attractive social presence to their audience. In relation to this article, I thought about my own personal experiences and my social networking sites profiles. As a member of the â€Å"Millennial generation†, I would consider myself to be a â€Å"digital native,† an individual who has grown up surrounded by media and social networking sites. I currently manage multiple social networking sites including: Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. After reading and analyzing this article, I assessed my own motivation in choosing profile pictures or uploading photos, which display my personality and image online. As a result, I agree completely with the idea of connecting this motivation with narcissism. I personally think that everyone encompasses at least some level of narcissism online, where they are motivated to display their best version of themselves. However, some people who may fall higher on the scale of narcissism will post more photos revolving around themselves. For example, a few of my friends on Facebook will spe nd hours editing a photo of them, blurring out imperfections or cropping the right angle to capture their best pose. By taking the time and effort to enhance their photos, their motivation is derived from presenting their most attractive profile picture to their online audience. Instagram is another example of this motivation incentive. Instagram is a social media platform, where individuals can upload photos, add filters and share with their followers. Followers have the opportunity to â€Å"like† their favorite photos. Similar to the Facebook example, people may spend hours choosing the perfect filter to add to their photo, resultantly uploading a brighter and more color enhanced image. Instagram presents a popular platform for the modernized â€Å"selfie† photo, where individuals post photos of themselves in various poses. With the incentive to gain the most â€Å"likes† per photo, individuals who post numerous edited photos present the case for motivational theories and possibly higher levels of narcissism. Aside from Facebook and Instagram, the professional social media platform, LinkedIn, also presents motivation in choosing profile pictures. While deciding upon a profile picture for LinkedIn, individuals seek a more professional appearance of themselves. Although not driven by the incentive for likes, individuals still present a level of narcissism in choosing to present their most professional appearance and demeanor on LinkedIn. The culture of this social media platform revolves around seeking attention and admiration of their photo and professional accomplishment from potential employers. In this sense, individuals all have a level of narcissism, but probably not as strong as adhering to the online presences on other social networking sites. In relation to class discussion, this study connects to the Social Learning Theory and the Psychosocial Theory. The Social Learning Theory, introduced by Albert Bandura, focuses on the three main triadic and reciprocal factors: cognitions, behavior, and environment, which interact and our behaviors. Cognitions involve our skills, knowledge, ability, personal preferences and self-efficacy. Behaviors derive from enactive learning and previous experiences. Environment enforces learning from observational learning from the world around us. As these three factors interact, individuals learn from themselves, others and the surroundings. In correlation to the study, this theory presents reasons why we develop our online behaviors. Living in a society revolving around digital profiles and social networking sites, we are influenced by the online world. Through our learned behavior and the cognition driven by our shifting online culture, individuals inherit a more narcissistic attitude toward their online presence. .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52 , .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52 .postImageUrl , .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52 , .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52:hover , .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52:visited , .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52:active { border:0!important; } .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52:active , .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52 .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u18caa6de087237219914b0e61634ec52:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Media Can Mold the Way Adolescents Think EssayAlong with Social Learning Theory, we focused on Psychosocial Theory in personality development. Psychosocial Theory, introduced by Erik Erikson describes that the development of our personalities are driven by culture. As individuals progress through the stages of development, our personalities are constantly adapting between hereditary instincts and the culture and family environment around us. Referring to the relationship between narcissism and online profiles, this theory presents ideas about how narcissism is developed through self-promoting cultures. With a heavy emphasis on self-presentation in our culture, it is inevit able that personality will develop to match the attitude of the environment. As I analyzed this study, critical thinking played a key role in understanding the main points and connections to psychology concepts. Critical thinking consists of three components: affective, behavioral and cognitive. The affective component refers to emotions. As I focused on the concepts presented in this article, I accepted the truth above my own self-interest. Prior to reading this study, I did not view myself as a narcissistic person. However, after putting aside personal biases, I understand how many people can have narcissistic viewpoints. Through critical thinking, I could accept change and modify my own viewpoints and beliefs on the subject. Following critical thinking, I also explored the behavioral components while analyzing the study. The behavioral components refer to delaying judgments, gathering different types of data and realizing you’re wrong. While reading the study, I delayed judgments until collecting data of my own. Taking the core concepts from the article, I explored online profile pictures that my own Facebook friends selected. As a result, I discovered similar data supported in the study, where many of my female friends selected profile pictures emphasizing physical attractiveness. Comparing my own simple data to the data presented in the case proved to be beneficial in understanding the psychology concepts. Lastly, critical thinking entails the cognitive component. The cognitive component explains thinking independently, using deductive reasoning and applying metacognition to your findings. For this study, I focused on deductive thinking by reasoning from general to specific thoughts. For example, by connecting my own personal experiences to the data presented in the study, I focused on narrowing down from a larger idea into more concise examples. By applying metacognition, thinking about one’s own thinking, I was able to connect the data and psychology concepts to my own choices. Specifically speaking, after reading this study, I will be more consciously aware of my selection process in customizing my online profile picture. What I choose to self-promote in my online photos speaks to a larger audience and conveys certain messages about my personality and my character. In summary, this study focused on the relationship between physical, personal and social factors and narcissism motivations in choosing profile pictures on social networking sites. As the data concludes, narcissism is a predictor in emphasizing physical attractiveness and personality in the motivation of selecting photos. By comparing this conclusion to my own personal experiences on social networking sites, I agree with the statement that narcissism is a motivation factor in portraying a certain image to our online audience. However, it is how we choose to portray our personality and character through visual images that indicates the apparent level of narcissism. Driven by a social networking dominated culture, the motivation to present one’s best self-image online has become innate. In conclusion, if a single profile picture can form a lasting first impression, why not make it memorable? Works Cited Kapidzic, S. (2013). Narcissism as a predictor of motivations behind Facebook profile picture selection. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking, 16(1), 14-19. doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0143

Technical Analysis of elite male soccer players by position and success Essays

Technical Analysis of elite male soccer players by position and success Essays Technical Analysis of elite male soccer players by position and success Paper Technical Analysis of elite male soccer players by position and success Paper Since the early work of Reep and Benjamin (1968), many aspects of association football have been utilised by researchers within notational analysis. Several researchers (Reilly and Holmes, 1983; Luhtanen, 1988; Dufour, 1993) have however identified the lack of literature existing detailing the exact technical demands with regard to their relative successful performance between specific positions of play. The purpose of the investigation was to deliver such a technical analysis of playing positions within elite level International football at the European Championships 2004. The data were gathered by a specifically designed notation system which collected qualitative data based on the relative successful execution of techniques performed, post event. Players were grouped into positional classes as goalkeepers, defenders, midfielders or strikers. A comparison was also made between the technical distributions of both a successful and unsuccessful team. The Chi Squared statistical test was used to compare differences between the frequency distributions and the differences in technical ratings between positions and the successful and unsuccessful teams. Significance was accepted at the (p0.05) level (Vincent, 1999). Significant differences (p0.05) were found between the frequency distributions of all 3 outfield positions, but no significant differences (p0.05) were found between the accumulated means of technique ratings across all of the performance indicators. Individual variable analysis however showed significant differences (p0.05) occurred between specific performance indicators across positions. No significant differences (p0.05) were discovered between either the frequency distribution or the technical rating of outfield players between successful and unsuccessful teams. A significant difference (p0.05) was however apparent between the frequency distribution of goalkeepers actions between successful and unsuccessful teams. The study implicates that coaches must be selective of which players play within certain positions and that training sessions must be accurate to the specific needs of individuals and their position within a team. 1.0 Introduction The process of hand notation is an important tool, which can be used to inform the coaching process. Hand notation is a cheap, simple, accurate but time consuming method of notation (Hughes and Franks, 2004). It provides a coach with an objective view of the key elements of a performance. Notational analysis can provide many aspects of information to a coach. Hughes (1998) defined the 5 purposes of notational analysis: 1. Analysis of Movement; 2. Educational use for both coaches and players; 3. Tactical Evaluation; 4. Development of a data base/modelling; 5. Technical Evaluation. Due to its structure of incorporating individual techniques within a team framework, association football provides a notational analyst with an ideal field for analysis. Within association football, the use of notational analysis enables coaches to improve aspects of their own teams play, at both an individual or collective level and also to interpret the actions of any future opposition. Reilly and Thomas (1976) adapted a methodology in order to analyse players movement, or more specifically work rate within different positional roles in a first division football team. Observations were made over the course of a season, incorporating a total of 51 competitive games, both home and away. Players movements throughout a game were subdivided into several distinct movement classifications. This allowed the individual movement characteristics of different positional roles to be established and therefore for accurate training strategies to be incorporated. The use of feedback was identified by Franks (1997). Feedback can have an educational use for both players and coaches, as it is an important component of the coaching process. Franks stated that any improvement in performance is a consequence of task related feedback. Feedback can be provided before, during and after a skilled performance to both specific individuals and to whole teams alike. A tactical evaluation of association football was achieved by Yamanaka et al., (1997) who performed a computerised notational analysis of 8 games in the 1994 World Cup Asian Qualifying matches. The respective playing patterns of the teams were analysed, with a particular emphasis upon the Japanese national team. This was achieved by entering 32 actions of players in relation to an 18 cell division of the pitch. From the data it was found statistically significant that Japan used dribbling more as a tactic (p0.05), used more passes (p0.01) and more frequently used a clearing kick (p0.05). Garganta (1998) suggested how the development of a soccer data base/model can be considered as a mediator between a theoretical and an empirical field. He states that it is important to understand a soccer teams organisation and to observe a whole teams actions. Garganta explained how game modelling is acquiring greater importance in order to analyse performance trends and to prioritise any such problems of the training process. A technical evaluation was achieved by Partridge et al., (1993). A specialised computer analysis system was developed, using 38 key events entered in real time by a trained analyst. The system was used to provide a comprehensive technical evaluation of performance by comparing the results of 2 distinct levels of performance, the 1990 FIFA World Cup and the 1990 World Collegiate Soccer Championships. From the results it can be inferred that collegiate coaches must be selective when presenting World Cup teams as an appropriate model of performance as many differences do occur, which makes any comparison invalid. At International football level, where games are decided by small margins, the team that is superior in physiological and motor abilities will have the advantage (Reilly and Holmes, 1983). This places a high emphasis on a team at the elite level possessing high levels of technical ability. Within the literature, there are very few examples of technical analysis, in particular skill analysis involving association football. In this respect, the following study is innovative in two ways: i) By analysing at the exact technical requirements of each position ii) By using qualitative data within a quantitative system. 1.1 Aim of Study The aim of this study is to analyse every individuals technical ability that competes in the European Football Championships of 2004. This measure will be based on a subjectively drawn continuum that analyses a players technical movement throughout the game. It will be investigated if technical differences occur between player positions and between successful and unsuccessful teams. Data will be gathered from matches within the European Championships of 2004, which were held in Portugal. This tournament has been chosen as it provides an ideal environment for a comparison to be made between elite level players competing in an elite sporting environment. Data will be collected using a hand notation system, in the form of a table. The table will consist of six columns: player number; technique performed; technique rating, pitch position, time of action and any outcome (if applicable). 1.2 Hypothesis The hypothesis states that there is a significant difference in the distribution of technique between the different playing positions and between successful and unsuccessful teams at the European Championships 2004. 1.3 Assumptions Certain assumptions are considered during this study. It is assumed that all players selected are of international standard and that all players are competing in the tournament to win. 1.4 Limitations Limitations of the study that depict the nature and length of the investigation include the word limit imposed and the submission date. Variations from the tournament itself may also not give the data a true reflection of reality. Incidents such as injury to key players, conditions and the environment may impact on the manner in which a team or certain individuals perform. As the matches were all recorded from terrestrial television, some data cannot be collected due to its absence from the showing of action replays and other inappropriate footage (Winkler, 1996). The choice of some camera positions and angles also makes some forms of player identification difficult. 1.5 De-Limitations A de-limitation from our research design is that it is impossible to make broad generalisations from our data. The obtained data is so specific to the tournament and elite level players that any such generalisation would be inaccurate and invalid. The analysis is also produced in a very subjective manner using operational definitions and a likert scale, which may also not be universally agreed by people other than the researchers. 1.6 Definition of Terms Technique: The method of performance of an individual against a normative scale. Player Position: An individuals role and function within a teams structure. 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Notational Analysis in Football Some of the earliest analysis of association football was carried out by Reep and Benjamin (1968). They analysed over 3000 competitive games from 1953 to 1967 within top division English football and World Cup matches using a simple hand notation system. The position of players actions, the amount of passes before goals and the way in which possession was gained were all notated. From this extensive analysis it was reported that: i. 80% of goals resulted from 3 passes or less ii. 50% of goals result from regaining possession in the final attacking 1/4 iii. It takes 10 shots to score 1 goal Many coaches and managers throughout the English game saw these results as an immediate formula for success. The transfer of these findings into a game situation saw the arrival and development of the traditional long ball game within British soccer. The work of Reep and Benjamin was later taken on further by Bate (1988) in an attempt to disprove a modern day notion that maintaining possession of the ball was the key to accomplishment. From analysing games in the English 3rd division, right up to World Cup level competition, Bate concluded that in order to be a success, teams must portray the following characteristics in their play: i. Play the ball forward as often as possible ii. Reduce the number of square and backwards passes iii. Increase the number of forward passes and forward runs iv. Play the ball into the space behind the defenders as early as possible From Bates (1988) analysis, it can be seen that the determinants of success across a wide range of football were relatively unchanged for a long period of time and that the notion of possession football was not the key to success. Further characteristics of successful play were noted by Winkler (1996). He stated that good teams are capable of defending their own goal well as well as creating more goal scoring opportunities than the opposition. His findings were however contradictory to the research of both Reep and Benjamin (1968) and Bate (1988) by suggesting that successful teams should keep possession of the ball for longer, as opposed to getting the ball as forward as quickly as possible. More recently Luhtanen et al., (2001) adapted a methodology from Luhtanen (1993) to study selected offensive and defensive variables of individuals within the European Championships of 1996 and 2000. The study aimed to examine if any correlation occurred between performance and final position reached in the tournaments. A computerised notation system was used to notate over 2000 actions per game. The actions of the individuals could then be calculated to give means for each of the teams per selected variable. France, who were the winners of Euro 2000 were found to be the highest ranked nation in passing, receiving the ball, running with the ball and tackling. Luhtanen et al. (2001) concluded that this consistent high ranking suggested that France were worthy winners of the tournament. The winners of Euro 1996 however, Germany, were not found to be the highest ranked in any selected variable. Luhtanen et al. (2001) explained this concept by stating that the Germans performed very ordi narily throughout the tournament, and a great deal of luck brought them success. The selection of performance indicators for use in the study may however have only been conducive to certain patterns and styles of play. Although these may have highlighted the attacking nature of Frances performance, they do not take into account factors such as levels of team cohesion and team organisational structure. It may have been high levels of factors such as these which brought the Germans success, not merely luck, as was stated in the review. Luhtanen et al., (2001) summarised that comparisons between team performances across tournaments or time spans couldnt be made absolute due to the numerous changes in team selections, opposition, tactics used and managerial changes. 2.2 Factors determining success within association football Vast amounts of literature are apparent concerning the various aspects of a teams performance, especially those, which bring success. Hughes et al., (1988) developed a methodology to differentiate between successful and unsuccessful teams from the 1986 World Cup by examining the main characteristics of play when in possession of the ball. Successful teams were defined as those teams who progressed to the semi final stages, whereas unsuccessful teams were those who were eliminated after the 1st group stage. Analysis was conducted using 24 performance variables. It was found that successful teams have more touches in possession, had more shots at goal from within the penalty area and approached the final sixth of the pitch by playing predominantly in the central areas. Unsuccessful teams dribbled more and played the ball to the wide areas in their own defensive zones more frequently. The findings of Hughes et al., (1988) study were contradicted by Ali (1988) who conducted a statistical analysis of patterns of play in 18 Scottish Premier Division matches. It was concluded that attacks which proceeded along either wing were more successful, rather than those which were played more centrally. Teams using low pass combination moves combined with centrally based attacks were the factors deciding success in Bishovets et al., (1993) study of 52 World Cup matches. This manner of performance was related to winning teams have a more consistent and reliable understanding between players. Pearce and Hughes (2001) conducted analysis of the perceived successful impact of substitutions in the 2000 European Championships. Data was gathered in the 15 minutes preceding a substitution and in the 15 minutes afterwards. Each performance variable was evaluated and ranked depending on its value of influence. This allowed a show of ratings along a continuum to be created, both of the individual substitute and of the teams performance following the substitutes introduction. Although it was found that 15 minutes of analysis did not produce enough data, midfield was seen to be the most hazardous player position in which to introduce a substitute, due to the high work intensities required immediately by the incoming player. The idea of coding actions according to their difficulty and their success can also been seen in Rico and Bangsbo (1997) study of Denmarks performance in the 1992 European Championships. Actions were noted according to the amount of pressure applied on the performer and conclusions were drawn from the results. The decline of Denmarks passing in their final 3 games was put down to the increased pressure and closeness of the score line related to the latter stages of the tournament. Dooan et al., (1996) conducted a further study to determine the factors, which promote success within soccer. The importance of playing at a high tempo was recognised, due to the constant opponent and time pressures that are placed upon performers. He aimed to compare the efficiency of pass in elite versus non-elite Turkish performers. All passes were recorded as either positive or negative, according to their perceived degree of difficulty and success. It was concluded, as expected that speed, fluency and intensity of pass are all more apparent for elite performers. A further technical study on elite Turkish footballers was reported by Eniseler et al., (1996). The researchers found that Galatasarys failure in European football competition was due to technical and tactical inadequacies as well as a lack of physical conditioning. This method of performance profiling also included recording variables as either positive or negative, according to their execution. A tactical and technical inadequacy leading to failure was also reported by Acar (1996) who analysed the performance of teams playing in derby matches, using both computer and hand notation. The stated research has all described the relative success of play in relation to entire team performances. A team is defined as a system in that a group of players interact in a dynamic fashion concerning a single purpose (Pinto, 1998). Despite a team participating as a homogenous unit, it is also vital to remember that the different individuals comprising a single team make it heterogeneous at the same time (Pinto, 1998). 2.3 Evaluation of Individuals Performance Success in football is very much judged on a teams ability to win matches (Luhtanen et al., 2001). The study of individuals performance can be regarded as invaluable as it is in essence these individuals which comprise any team. Success at any level collectively cannot be achieved without the performance of individuals within this team unit. A great deal of individual analysis has been conducted on the physical demands of football competition and the necessary physiological state for optimum performance (Reilly and Thomas, 1976; Bangsbo, 1997; ODonoghue et al., 2001). Wells and Reilly (2002) attempted to research into the demands of playing position within womens soccer also taking into account performance variables. However the only performance variable measured was kicking distance. This variable seems very irrelevant to determining successful performance within a game situation, particularly within elite level International football. The lack of literature relating to the importance of individuals levels of skill was identified by Reilly and Holmes (1983). Reilly applied 2 methods in order to investigate the notion of skill distribution within soccer. Match analysis of 6 non professional games was carried out looking at skill performances as either successful or unsuccessful. In addition to this analysis, a group of 40 adolescent males, from a variety of outfield positions performed a cross section of skills tests. From the 2 tests, Reilly concluded that significantly: i. Success rate of each skill depends upon pitch location ii. Defensive area provides highest skill success rate iii. Midfield players show more superior test scores to defenders Reilly explained that as the space available from the opponents goal increases, the time available on the ball also increases. This explains why the most successful skills are performed in the defensive area, where less pressure is applied. It was also suggested that a common trend is to place the most poorly equipped players in defensive roles, hence the defenders performing worst on the skills test. James at al., (2002) recognised the importance of studying individuals within a team. He stated that this level of deeper analysis allows a much finer grained overall team examination. In a study of the same team over 21 matches, across various competition types, the analysis aimed to identify the different roles individuals may take across differing circumstances. It was noted that in European competition players played more defensively and played passes involving much less risk. Dufour (1993) completed a technical analysis of outfield players, summarising the percentage of time spent in each action category. For an outfield player it was reported that on the ball playing time was divided into: 50.6% Intercepting, 22.4% Passing, 18.7% Controlling ball, 4.5% Tackling, 2.4% Shooting and 1.4% other activities. Although this analysis enabled a template of the aspects contributing to an outfield players role, no specification was made relating to playing position, taking into account the obvious differences which occur between the outfield positions. The lack of individual analysis relating to the highly specialised position of a goalkeeper was identified by Wooster and Hughes (2001). Goalkeepers were seen as vitally important, as they provide the last line of defence and the first line of attack for any team. From studying 1126 goalkeeper distributions at Euro 2000 with a hand notation system, it was concluded that successful goalkeepers used an equal distribution of kicks and throws, with variety which enabled possession to be maintained in the attacking third of the field. 24% of the 67 goals scored within the tournament all originated from successful goalkeeper distribution. Researchers have also used other methods, other than standardised hand and computer notation systems in order to investigate the performance of individuals. A qualitative analysis of individual movement patterns was performed by Grehaigne et al., (2001). A players effective play space was considered by drawing polygonal lines to create an individuals players action zone. This action zone represented the areas in which 80% of the players activities were performed. Graphic modelling and statistical calculations were used by Chernenjakov and Dimitrov (1988) to help detail individual players performances. By entering specific data into a computer, it allowed players to be arranged in order of their playing effectiveness. Erdmann (1993) described how due to the imprecise, subjective and ambiguous nature of qualitative observations, all quantitative analysis should be performed based upon mechanical properties. Erdmann introduced how by looking at the Kinematics of movement, such as the displacement, velocity and acceleration of movements, individual performance profiles could be built. 2.4 Use of Match Analysis by Coaches As stated by Coghlan (1990) there is enormous pressure on football mangers throughout the world to succeed. In an attempt to bring about such success, notational analysis is being increasingly used within the modern game (Partridge and Franks, 1997). It can help to provide coaches with detailed analysis of observations that would otherwise be missed (Coghlan, 1990). Many coaches now consider information derived from such technological advances to be invaluable (Liebermann et al., 2002). With the pace of the modern day game, team strategies and tactics should be based on something more substantial than opinion (Bate, 1988). Match analysis enables accurate, objective and relevant feedback to be applied to a coach or a performer about past performances (Franks and McGarry, 1996). Due to coaches being active, biased observers of their teams performances, their observations are often not accurate. In a study by Franks and Miller (1986), International level coaches were only able to recollect 30% of the key elements which determined performance with the use of their memory alone (cited in Franks and McGarry, 1996). The presentation of accurate results takes away any subjective views and opinions and allows a coach to build up a portfolio of all future opponents in order to prepare to play against them (Pollard et al., 1988). Olsen and Larsen (1997) showed how the outcome of analysis can be a tool for evaluation and for the development of team tactics. The system responsible for such analysis must however be valid, accurate and easy to use, without large tables of complicated figures and graphs (Gerisch and Reichelt, 1993). Such simple but detailed analysis systems have enabled Norway to maximise its limited resources and to compete on the International football arena (p.220). Franks and Goodman (1986) stated that an objective quantification of critical events during a game is critical for a complete post match analysis. The generated analysis must be used by coaches to instigate an observable change in behaviour, and so an improvement in performance. Liebermann et al., (2002) and Franks and McGarry (1996) reinforced this notion by stating that appropriately timed feedback can significantly improve motor skill acquisition and performance. Reporting to the results of both qualitative and quantitative feedback to a performer can increase performance (Partridge and Franks, 1997). Following matches, a subject was shown analysis results, and video clips from relevant expert performances which related to his previous performance. Over the course of 6 games, the subjects performance across 15 measured variables did improve. This performance increase was directly related to the analysis procedures the player was subjected to between performances. 2.5 Individual Roles Within a Team Framework Although a team unit is comprised of 11 individuals, all 11 players must assume certain roles and functions in order to make such a team unit a success. Subconsciously, players and coaches alike have a universal knowledge of which technical components are required in order to play in each position within association football. There is however very little research to either reinforce or question these concepts. Having an exact technical analysis of the precise playing requirements of each position would allow accurate training schedules and more accurate player profiles to be established. Many coaching publications state the necessary credentials to play in certain positions within soccer (Smith, 1973; Cook, 1982). These publications are however based upon opinion, as opposed to exact epidemiological research. Much ambiguity does exist between these opinions and the reported differences. Wiemeyer (2003) in interviewing 14 coaches, across varying participation levels in order to establish positional technical demands emphases this. In only one case did all coaches agree of the exact functions of a position.

Public employment law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public employment law - Assignment Example superintendent in informing or misinforming the districts taxpayers in the school of the reasons for not seeking additional revenue in the form of tax (Haynes, 2003). The boards’ position on the issue was that the contents of the letter were fabricated thus leading to the dismissal of Mr. Pickering from the teaching staff. The teacher appealed the decision on the basis of a violation of his rights as represented in the first and the fourteenth amendments that gave the teacher the right to speak out as a loyal citizen on any issue of public interest. Both the Will County Circuit Court and the Illinois Supreme Court after analyzing the issue affirmed the Board’s decision to dismiss the teacher. Only the U.S Supreme court found reasonable ground to overturn the dismissal based on a violation of the freedom of speech as made possible by the First Amendment (Haynes, 2003). A keen analysis of the issues surrounding this case reveals various flaws and rationality depending on the perspective one views it. For instance, if it were considered from the aspect that Mr. Pickering was a citizen of the United States, then, he was acting within his legal limits by commenting on the conduct of the Educational Board. Such issues as he rose are by all means of great public interests since they constitute mismanagement of funds. However, the most logical way to view this issue is perhaps that of the First Amendment. Mr. Pickering was justified in claiming that his right of expression was maybe violated. He has reasonable grounds to argue so since, after all, all citizens are protected in their speech. What Mr. Pickering did not consider was probably the facts also enshrined in the First Amendment under which this freedom of speech is not guaranteed and which it can actually be regarded as an abuse of the rights bestowed on an individual. This is the view that the law holds in as far as employment law is concerned (Haynes, 2003). While the constitution protects Mr. Pickering