Feminist Film Criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Feminist Film Criticism - Essay Example The movie stars Zhang Ziyi, as the female protagonist Nitta Sayuri2, who, through a relentless desire to achieve her one and only goal in life3, has made it to the peak of her pursuit to be a geisha and eventually to become the mistress of the oki-ya4. The social position of the geisha is best described as something peculiar to the society of its source. This is so because their status in the traditional civilization is to some extent considered as indeterminate. This undefined portrayal of a geisha was successfully clarified in the film. As manifestly illustrated in the film, a geisha was given an unsurpassed status in the Japanese society. It evidently gave justice to the frequently mistaken position of a geisha with respect to their status in the populace. More often than not, a geisha is mistakenly perceived and identified as a "prostitute". However, this misconception was effectively dismissed as the film nearly reached its conclusion. The viewers correspondingly learned that a geisha is far more different from a prostitute. Although seen as somewhat rundown, the oki-ya is viewed as a house having significantly acceptable structure in the society. Comparatively similar to a boarding house, oki-ya is where the geisha and the geisha trainees stay and settle. As seen in the movie, a Geisha House is not as terrible and horrific as that of a brothel house where prostitutes are maintained. Its social structure as traditionally acknowledged in the Japanese culture gives a clear view how oki-ya is boldly accepted in the society. One becomes a geisha after an extensive training from the time she enters the oki-ya where she eventually turns into an apprentice, serving the mistress of the house by doing the domestic chores. Sayuri entered the oki-ya at the age of nine (9) and started as a servant for the "mother" of the house and to Hatsumomo5, the only geisha in the house. She was then prepared and trained to become a geisha with Pumpkin in a training school, learning the arduous arts of a geisha, which include, among others, dance and music; elaborate make-up of pale white faces and their enthralling red lips; wearing the kimono, pouring sake to reveal just a slight touch of the inner wrist, and the remarkable struggle with jealous rivals for the attention of men of the higher class. As the American anthropologist Dalby stated in her book, a geisha's position in the society is unavoidably vague. She wrote: "(m)arked as [a geisha] is by both high and low prestige, the Geisha and her place in Japanese culture remain elusively ambiguous." [172] The fundamental role of a geisha is to entertain men in business and politics in Japan. They were trained to function as the very amusing and gracious hostess, usually, in an important gathering which prominent men would throw. An essential part of bringing entertainment is through music and dancing where they show their talents as developed by the extensive training they underwent. "Each geisha is highly accomplished in particular skills such as playing the koto, dancing or singing, but they all train for years in the more general arts of caring for their guests (or, strictly speaking, clients). [Hendry, Taylor and Francis, 201] The geisha house or the oki-ya is controlled by

Jungs View of Religion Essay Example for Free

Jungs View of Religion Essay I will be explaining Jung understands and his views of religion. Jung first starts with the key concept of the mind which is the three concepts of consciousness – consciousness, personal unconsciousness and the collective consciousness. Consciousness is where we actively make decisions and choices. The thoughts are based on a sensory experience e. g. the things we see, smell, hear, touch and taste. These are directly accessible. The personal conscious is out thoughts, feelings, urges which are difficult to bring to the consciousness and they are not directly accessible. They have been environmentally determined. The collective unconsciousness is inherited and the thoughts are shared by everyone – archetypes (inherited ideas: first prints or partners that form the basic blue print for major dynamic counterparts of the human personality. ) Jung believes that the archetypes pre exist in the collective unconscious of humanity. They determine how we both perceive and behave. Archetypes are the source of the ideas or images that is inherited instead of the ideas themselves. The experiences you have construct/create uniform images. We inherit a functional disposition to produce the same or very similar ideas not inherit the idea. This is the reason for a dream dictionary, for example a person could be dreaming that their friend is falling. So the falling is the image drawn from the archetype and the friend is from their experience. So the collective unconscious means that many of our ideas will be shared with people. There are different types of shared archetype examples are: the person – this is the mask that covers out true natures for the benefit of society. The mask could be good impressions of what is expected of us by others or the false impression to manipulate others behaviour and opinions. In our dreams the may manifest itself in images of ourselves appearing at a party in disguise. The shadow – this is our darker sides of us. In dreams it might reveal itself in the form of personification of evil e. g. Satan or monster. It could be deeper of our personality identity beings to be lost and individuals experience the chaos of getting closer to the material structure of psychic life. This commonly is found in the woods. The animus – is the masculine side of a female. They may appear as an exotic, sensual, young man or as heroes. The anima – is the female side of a male. They may appear as a  dancing girl, seductresses or goddess. Jung believes that the way neuroses(mental illness is caused by being psychically imbalanced) occurs is that it arises from being psychically imbalanced (so we become mentally ill if the when the psychic energy – psychological energy by which the work of the personality is performed isn’t flowing as well as it could. To maintain mental health all of the features of the personality need to be balanced so the psychic flows properly. There needs to be a balance between conscious and unconscious and the different archetype. If you fail to do this according to Jung this causes a mental disorder. Jung says through individuation (figuring out who you are and becoming your own self) you become psychically balanced personality through the addition of the range of archetypes into the conscious personality. There are two main process of individuation; the first part is when they come to terms with the outer environment with its challenges through work, friendship and relationship. The second part is from a middle age onwards is to come to terms with one’s own personality. For example a mid-life crisis, this is when someone is in the middle of their life they want what they never had in their youth age e.g. a sports car. They want to become psychically balanced as they missed out when they was youths. The things that come from the archetype such as images or thoughts are considered to be religious. Jung redefines religious thought as the numinous. This relies on Rudolf Otto’s understanding of the religious or numinous experience. According to Otto’s a numinous experience affects our consciousness which is caused by something external to our consciousness. Any experience which is archetypal in origin can be stated as religious. All archetypal images are ineffable (indescribable) . Our images of god are themselves archetypal. The concept of god is one of these primordial images (an archetype). Everyone is born with the tendency to generate religious images of god and angels . the actual image that we have of god are through our experiences in the world. An example of a case study is where Miss Miller had a dream about a moth’s desire for light. Jung said this parallel between god and light can be found in countless religious traditions e. g. the Aztec preoccupation with the sun and the Christian view of Jesus as ‘light of the world’. The role of religion is the process of individuation. The two reasons he gave was the self archetype this guides and controlled the innate process of individuation. Individuation is a religious process. The second reason is the self archetype generates images of wholeness. For example the mandala – means circle and is perfectly balanced, the design is symmetrical which represents the balance and wholeness same with Islamic art instead the repetitive patterns to show his eternality. Jung argues that god images are beneficial to our health. The images are used by the mind to individuate the personality, the personality then achieve its goal of integration. Religion now becomes clear, the ones that reject religion are therefore less likely to individuate successfully and is most likely to experience neurosis as a result. Jung concludes that the existence of an actual god is similar to Freud’s – there is no proof either way. We don’t know where the archetype actually comes from and we don’t know the origin of the-psyche because there are ineffable. As a psychic reality – god is real to those who experience the effect of archetypes. Jung always considered religious beliefs to be a natural expression of the collective unconscious.

Juice :: essays research papers

Steroids are known as synthetic versions of the naturally occurring male sex hormone testosterone. Although some people think that there are only positive effects from the use of steroids, there are far more negative effects than there are positive ones. Steroids may make you look bigger and feel stronger, but eventually they will become very detrimental to your body. There are physical and mental side effects to the use of steroids, and the continued use of steroids will be fatal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To the science world they are known as altered testosterone molecules. Juice or roids, as called on the street, are made by adding an alkyl group or an ester to testosterone. Basically the 17-carbon atom of testosterone is altered to make the tissue building characteristic dominant and to minimize the virilizing characteristics (Wright, Cowart). The testosterone atom can be manipulated in many ways, and that is the reason there are many different types of steroids on the market. Why wouldn’t the virilizing characteristic just be eliminated from the whole process? The answer to this is â€Å"The anabolic and androgenic activities are distinguished primarily for classification purposes and not because of properties inherent in the steroids themselves.† (Wright, Cowart, p. 26)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anabolic steroids are taken by ingestion of pills or or by a liquid being intravenously injected. Some users like to ingest the pills because there is no visual traces, but they are not as effective as the liquid steroids. The liquid steroids enter the bloodstream faster and there is more likely of a chance for the steroid molecules to link with the muscle fibers. However, there is the possibility of the user not being able to inject them self, or the risk of someone noticing the injection marks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main reasons that users of steroids abuse the drug is because they want to become better athletes or become bigger humans. To the potential user the main reason is to increase muscle mass. When somebody lifts weights, the whole purpose is to tear the muscle fibers in the body. These muscle fibers then repair themselves over the course of a day or two. This makes the muscle fibers bigger and stronger because when it repairs itself, it increases in strength and size. Steroids enhances this process by expediting the repair of the muscle fibers. Not only do the muscles grow back bigger and more defined, but stronger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In sports, the use of steroids is prevalent among athletes that have reached a plateau in their physical development.

Radiology :: essays research papers fc

1. Turn on PC and RMS appears Will use 1,4,5 6,8, 9 A on menu 2. Hit 4 for Transcription 3. 5 Edit Header/Report 4. Report Look Up 5. Use Sequence # from written report 6. Exam Date – always use reort date and make sure it matches 7. Seq # 8. F1 Enter Status D = date dictated T = date typed N = New To use Dictophone: Log on by hitting System Access Twice (may want to use Cody and my code is 086999) Use # 1 to select by Report Presss 3 by Subject # - (number under pt’s name) may have to key it to dictaphone more than once – may need to use a 8 before number on paper Put in number and hit the # sign Put in transcription time in military time – jot down on report from taped message Put in auth # from phone screeen Enter dictated time MD’s Hospital Computer numbers: 00---- 2 lead zeros and then 4 digits and justified to the left On PC: F9 to enter W/P (word processing section) Report design: Use Z N)normal S)specific use N unless some thing additional written in by Radiologist F3 and F4 to view and move back and forth between headers Some Radiologists give the date and some don’t - -HAVE TO HAVE A DATE – IF THEY DON’T GIVE ONE, USE DATE ON WRITTEN REPORT Can go back and review sheet when done and for Mammograms, put in data from written additonal sheet (Radiologist Findings) F1 first Enter T for transcription menu Choose breast Catagories (Radiologist Findings) If no answer to a section, hit Escape to go past it If answer, fill in, hit enter and then F1 to Save Press Escape to bring back to beginning screen If Reason for Exam noted, to back to Pt.System – into Pt Information; Enter Pt’s number, F1 Begin Search, Find Visits ALT H, Find Visit and Enter; Alt M --Mammographic Software – Reasons check whatever is checked, F1 to save, if problem indicated, Sign OFF Dictophone when finished/Sign off PC software at Transciption Menu (1 Sign Off) TO PRINT REPORTS In Transcription Menu Go to Sign Off By Radiologist Find reports by Radiologist F2 to pull up everything for Radiologist F1 to select Print When you do this, it prints all for all transciptionists SHORT CUT KEYS: IMPRESSION Hit Alt I F1 SAVE ACR Code: Hit Alt 9 Find Visit Alt H Mammagraphic system Alt M Alt C Clinical History Correct all misspellings found If note to fax, enter fax number on header screen, Only answer Fax as Y is you know fax number of MD office in system already; if you don’t know, answer N, enter Fax # as 9,776-6176 or if long distance enter as 9,9197766176 AND put it in comments to Fax

Family Essay

Every time we have a family gathering in our house, informal debates are always part of the â€Å"program†. My family and I are delighted to involve talking about current issues especially that concerns the humanity’s welfare morals. It will start from simple talks and later become a big debate amongst our family members. It sounds funny but that is how we have our family gatherings. In fact, discussing current issues make our spirits alert and alive but if there is none, our gathering will become boring and seems incomplete. I personally really like exchanging ideas and point of views from others. Through them, I can learn many insights and know their position regarding the issue, whether they are pro or not. This kind of characteristic really runs in my veins. I am a kind of person that will truly stand for what I believe is right. I will never concede to a perverse beliefs and ideas. Even though I have this kind of attitude that like to debate even on simple issues, I do still have my friends that stick with. There are times that we argue on nonsense things that sometimes lead us to a â€Å"fight†. I can still remember one incident that I and one of my closest friends had a fight over on one issue and that is upholding the good morals. I know we have different views when it comes to that matter. She is quite liberated but I am a reserved and quite conservative type of person. So if we talked over on morality, our ideas always clash and it is not new to me at all. Yes, we are friends but I do not do what she does and she does not do what I do because of our opposite views when it comes to morality. The argument started when she confessed to me that she and her boyfriend had indulged into premarital sex several times. My initial reaction was shocked. I was not able to talk for a moment because of her confession to me. I was shocked with her confession not because the idea itself is new to me but because I was not expecting them do it. I trusted her boyfriend very much that he will not do anything wrong to my friend because I expect him as a person who wants my friend to be preserved even we are in this perilous times where our morals are already deteriorating. I am not against on the idea of having sex because it is a gift of God to be enjoyed by individuals specifically for the married people but doing it outside marriage is a very big â€Å"no, no† to me. And I don’t even say that I want her to be like me because I do believe on individualism. All I want to see is, she will learn how to respect her own self and not allowing anyone, not even her â€Å"beloved† boyfriend, abused her body and take advantage on her. In this modern world, several people either young or old, of legal age or not are into it. It becomes a trend of our society. If you don’t experience it, people will regard you as â€Å"loser† and coward but if you do, you will gain their appreciation and approval. See? This is how our world being corrupted of worldly pleasures. And I don’t believe that if everybody is doing it, it is already right. We have to uphold our morals as people and not letting the things of this world influence and corrupt our good character. That is one of my convictions as a person. Furthermore, she continued to relay to me the things they did in full details and silence came up in the atmosphere. I just allowed her pour out her heart on me. After a few minutes, I asked her why she sticks for that idea and permitted it to happen. But she only answered, â€Å"Why not? Everybody is doing it. And besides, we love each other very much. I was very annoyed and disgusted with her answer but I tried to hold back my temper and trying to make a â€Å"good† discussion with her regarding the matter. So, I continued asking her. â€Å"Do you think that is the only way you can express your love to your boyfriend? † I asked. Then, answered back â€Å"what do you mean? We do this because we love each other. Don’t you understand! And don’t you ever dare to dictate my life on what should I do. You are not my parents! † she exclaimed. Those words struck me a lot. I am just discussing this matter to her because I love her as my dear friend and I want the best for her. I am hoping that, through our discussion, she can be able to realize the possible things that might happen to her in the future if she and her boyfriend will continually indulge on it. So I told her that even though everybody is doing it, it doesn’t mean that it is already right. My point was, even though everything is permissible but not everything is beneficial. Everything is permissible but not everything is constructive. What seems right to our eyes may lead us into destruction. I told her that she is just destroying her life. Her dignity as a woman was lost. I am trying her to understand my point that I would just want her to preserve her virginity until she will get married because that would be the only best gift she can give to her husband aside from her precious love. But she chose not to understand my point because she was â€Å"extremely† in love with that guy. I can understand her feelings but I can’t tolerate her actions. What she only thinks is the present happiness and not looking for the possible consequences in the future. I told her that every action she will be doing has its consequence. It might be right or wrong. Then, I asked again. â€Å"What if you get pregnant? Is he willing to accept the responsibilities and marry you? † She was silent for awhile and thinking for an answer. â€Å"Well†¦My boyfriend loves me so much and I am pretty sure that he will! † she replied and I can see her trying to convinced herself as she said those words to me. â€Å"Oh, well†¦ if that’s the case, I can’t force you to listen to my advices. I respect your opinion and decision because that is your life. But, always remember that I am not intruding your personal life. I am just worried what might be the consequences of your action and if you are really ready to face that consequence. † I responded. So, that argument is closed and I am thinking that it will never be an issue again to both of us. As time passes by, she continued to share to me what she and her boyfriend were doing and it was all about their sex escapades. I do listen to her even I do not like what I am hearing. I am trying my very best to understand her and remind her that it is not yet late to change. But she will just tell me that there is nothing wrong with her. In fact, she is very proud to experience it. One day, she phoned me and asked if we can dine out. We went to our favorite restaurant. When I saw her, she looked restless and haggard. I smiled at her and asked, â€Å"What is wrong? How are you and your boyfriend? † She just smiled bitterly to me. â€Å"Why? † I asked again. â€Å"I am pregnant and I do not know what to do with this baby. † I just looked at her and never said anything for a second. â€Å"I will abort this baby! † She started to cry. â€Å"No! † I said. â€Å"Did your boyfriend learn about this? † What did he say? † As I asked those questions, tears kept falling on her eyes. â€Å"Tell me†¦ What did he say about the baby? † I repeated. â€Å"He wanted me to abort the baby? He doesn’t want to marry me because we are still young and he has no job yet. I told her to keep the baby and never mind her boyfriend. Anyway, she can take care and provide the needs of her baby if she wants to. But she told me straight on my face that she will abort the baby. Due to her confusions, abortion came up into her mind as an ultimate answer for her recent problem. I told her that she already committed sin once, the sin of committing premarital sex, and now she should not sin again by aborting her own child. It is not right. It is morally not right. You are killing an innocent child, a child that has no strength to defend and fight for himself. This time, I persistently argued with her not to abort her baby. I told her that the guilt will always haunt her for the rest of her life. She might escape the shame for having a baby without a husband but she will not surely escape the guilt that will forever haunt her conscience. She was very stubborn because she told me that she needs to abort the baby because she cannot handle the responsibilities and the shame. I told her that all those scorns from other people will just pass and never be remembered again as the time will pass but the life of her baby cannot be withdraw from death once it is aborted.

Convert Temperatures From Kelvin to Celsius

Convert Temperatures From Kelvin to Celsius Kelvin  and Celsius are two temperature scales. The size of the degree for each scale is the same magnitude, but the Kelvin scale starts at absolute zero (the lowest temperature theoretically attainable), while the Celsius scale sets its zero point at the triple point of water (the point at which water can exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous states, or 32.01 °F). Because Kelvin is an absolute scale, no degree symbol is used following a measurement. Otherwise, the two scales are alike. Converting between them only requires basic arithmetic. Key Takeaways: Kelvin to Celsius Temperature Conversion The equation to convert between Kelvin and Celsius is:  °C K - 273.15Celsius temperature have a degree symbol while those reported in Kelvin do not.While the size of the degree is the same between Kelvin and Celsius, there is no point at which the two scales are equal. A Celsius temperature will always be higher than Kelvin.Celsius temperatures can be negative. Kelvin goes down to absolute zero (no negative temperature). Conversion Formula Here is the formula to convert Kelvin into Celsius:  °C K - 273.15 All that is needed to convert Kelvin to Celsius is one simple step. Take your Kelvin temperature and subtract 273.15. Your answer will be in Celsius.  While there is no degree symbol for Kelvin, you need to add the symbol to report a Celsius temperature. Example How many degrees Celsius is 500K?  °C K - 273.15 °C 500 - 273.15 °C 226.85 ° For another example, convert normal body temperature from Kelvin to Celsius. Human body temperature is 310.15 K. Put the value into the equation to solve for degrees Celsius:  °C K - 273.15 °C 310.15 - 273.15human body temperature 37 °C Reverse Conversion: Celsius to Kelvin Similarly, its easy to convert a Celsius temperature to the Kelvin scale. You can either use the formula given above or use: K   Ã‚ °C 273.15 For example, convert the boiling point of water to Kelvin. The boiling point of water is 100 °C. Plug the value into the formula: K 100 273.15 (drop the degree)K 373.15 About Absolute Zero While typical temperatures experienced in daily life are often expressed in Celsius or Fahrenheit, many phenomena are described more easily using an absolute temperature scale. The Kelvin scale starts at absolute zero (the coldest temperature attainable) and is based on energy measurement (the movement of molecules). Kelvin in the international standard for scientific temperature measurement, and is used in many fields including astronomy and physics. While its perfectly normal to get negative values for Celsius temperature, the Kelvin scale only goes down to zero. 0K is also known as  absolute zero. It is the point at which no further heat can be removed from a system because there is no molecular movement, so there is no lower temperature possible. Similarly, this means the lowest possible Celsius temperature you can ever get is -273.15  °C. If you ever perform a calculation that gives you a value lower than that, its time to go back and check your work. You either have an error or else there is some other problem.

tv culture essays

tv culture essays Recently one of the biggest corporations in the United States, Microsoft had to face several ultimatums from the government. The case against Microsoft was brought by the U.S. Department of Justice, as well as several state Attorneys General. Microsoft is accused of using and maintaining monopoly power to gain an unfair advantage in software market. The case has been under observation for a long time, but the Justice department is having trouble coming up with substantial evidence against Microsoft. Specifically, the Department must prove: That Microsoft has monopoly power and is using it to gain unfair leverage in the market. And that Microsoft has maintained this monopoly power through "predatory" actions. Many people feel that Microsoft is only taking advantage of its position in the market and using marketing strategies to attract new customers. They have chosen to implement a market development strategy to attract new customers, who are looking for a system that has Internet ca pability. Microsoft feels that by integrating their Internet Explorer web browser technology into Windows, they are only improving its functionality available to the customer. Some people, especially the judge, say that Microsoft began its "illegal" agenda when it began requiring PC manufacturers to sign a license agreement that said that, if they were going to have Windows preinstalled on their new systems, that the Windows Internet Explorer must also be installed. Although it is possible for consumers to install other browsers onto Windows and use them, critics say that Microsoft still has an unfair advantage. It also keeps other browser companies from being able to consult with PC manufacturers to put their browser on the PC from the beginning. When Netscape refused to bow before Microsoft, Microsoft decided to do everything in their power to limit the amount of resources that Netscape could access. T ...

Dative Bond Definition (Coordinate Bond)

Dative Bond Definition (Coordinate Bond) A covalent bond forms when two atoms share electrons. The electron pair is attracted to both atomic nuclei, holding them together to form a bond. In a typical covalent bond, each atom supplies an electron to form the bond. A dative bond is a covalent bond between two atoms where one of the atoms provides both electrons that form the bond. A dative bond is also known as a dipolar bond or coordinate bond. In a diagram, a dative bond is indicated by drawing an arrow pointing from the atom that donates the lone electron pair toward the atom that accepts the pair. The arrow replaces the usual line that indicates a chemical bond. Key Takeaways: Dative Bond A dative bond is a 2-center, 2-electron covalent bond in which both electrons come from the same atom.A dative bond is also called a coordinate covalent bond or a coordinate bond.Dative bonds are common when metal ions bind to ligands. Dative Bond Example Dative bonds are commonly seen in reactions involving hydrogen (H) atoms. For example, when hydrogen chloride dissolves in water to make hydrochloric acid, a dative bond is found in the hydronium ion: H2O HCl → H3O Cl- The hydrogen nucleus is transferred to the water molecule to form hydronium, so it does not contribute any electrons to the bond. Once the bond is formed, there is no difference between a dative bond and an ordinary covalent bond. Source Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan. Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997, Oxford.

Earthquake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Earthquake - Essay Example After a few hours the earthquake reached the city that I went to. It was very strong and devastating as it measured 4.1 on the Richter scale. Blood was everywhere; within houses, towers and malls – all of them were destroyed. Children were walking and shouting for their parents, dust was covering the place, people were shouting and screaming as the view was terrifying. I didn’t know what I should have done as I was very shocked. An earthquake is a vibration of the Earth produced by a rapid release of energy (Tarbuck 1996). The main features include the focus, the location within the Earth where the earthquake rupture starts, and the epicenter, the point on the Earths surface directly above the focus. Earthquakes have a greater effect on society than most people think. These effects range from economical to structural to mental. Earthquakes come without warning, and often cause massive devastation, resulting not only in the loss of property but also of lives. Many of the survivors suffer from intense and lasting psychological trauma. This essay covers the experience of recent earthquakes in China, Indonesia, and India. It discusses what has been learnt (and what we have failed to learn) in the process of managing the aftermath in each case. This includes immediate medical attention, long-term mental health care, and the reconstruction of housing and infrastructure in both rural and urban areas. The effects of earthquakes on society reach farther than the destruction that these cause and the fear that they place on the population (Patel, 2009). As a result of the fear that they cause, society has come up with a number of ways to protect against the damage that is possible during earthquakes. Warning systems, research, and advances in engineering have done an amazing job of giving people the resources necessary to survive an earthquake. Warning systems and research are often found in the areas that are most prone to

Course work questions 10-11-12 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Course work questions 10-11-12 - Coursework Example As a teacher, encourage correction from both the person and the group incase a mistake happens. Participate in correcting students where they go wrong by first explaining why that is wrong then giving the correct answer. How would you introduce your students to the culture of an English-speaking country? Please describe an activity, which would help them learn more about the country and increase their cultural sensitivity. You may use one of the activities mentioned in the module, (Polls, Excursions, films, Q&A, Guest Speaker) see upload from module. I will use guest speakers who have integrated into the new culture. Before every session, I will first alert my students that we will have a guest speaker in the class to help us understand the new culture. Being their teacher, encouraging students to prepare questions on the culture will be helpful to avoid cases of no response to anything presented by the speaker. I will talk with the guest speaker on the issues I will need him/her to handle concerning the cultural differences in my class before the session. Once the guest speaker is in class, I will introduce him/her and once again encourage students to ask as many questions as they can to the guest speaker. Later on, we will have an open session where students will give feedback on the importance of having the speaker and how well the session has helped them understand the culture of an English speaking

Adolescents Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Adolescents - Research Paper Example ABC model of crisis intervention is one of the patterns recommended. The overall tragedy is a two step process. Once is that of the initial phases how it shocks the parents. The second is the aftermath and how the parents react to it, and how they live with it. Handling the trauma and coping with the surrounding environments is one of the core challenges faced. Engaging oneself in healthy activities also amount to the preventive and counter measures that the parents may undertake. Kristi Kanel has discussed the ABC model of crisis intervention (Kanel, 2014, 21). This particular model allows for overcoming the challenges faced in the form of therapy processes and other counseling guides. This allows facing the challenges bravely and overcoming them through confidence. The model is time tested one and large number f psychologists recommend it for therapy function in the wake of losses suffered by

Nature Of Employment Relationship In A Large Food Manufacturing Essay

Nature Of Employment Relationship In A Large Food Manufacturing Organization - Essay Example It is the key point of reference for determining the nature and extent of employers' rights and obligations towards their workers. Prospective employees in Food Manufacturing business, whether recently graduated university candidates, transferees from other corporations, or internal candidates, are looking for dissimilar things from their work life than they were a decade before. Today's employees look for balance. Sixty-hour work weeks, comprehensive journey timetables, breakfast meetings, dinner meetings, weekend training and work schedules must be put into standpoint in relation to family life, group of people commitment and pastime. To text this, the four dimensions of the employment relationship were distorted into a solitary Employment Relationships Prcis Scale, using multivariate study to review the sovereign result of this scale on a variety of results (taking into account socio-demographic, labor market and work circumstances factors). Work Satisfaction: Powerful employment relationships are the key determinant of job satisfaction between salaried employees and self-employed persons in Food Manufacturing business. ... Not only does job satisfaction replicate a person's in general excellence of operational existence, it also has been connected to a variety of results significant for employers - counting productivity as well. Skill development and use: Strong employment relationships are linked with the more effectual utilization of human resources. Employees who have powerful employment relationships (contrasting to workers in feeble relationships) have more chances in their job to grow and use their capabilities and talent in Food Manufacturing business. This supports the formation of human capital, which is necessary for both person well-being and a strong economy in such fast growing business. Turnover: Fragile employment relationships in Food Manufacturing business add to turnover, evaluating from which employees looked for a job with an additional employer in the precedent year. Therefore employers encountering staffing and retention challenge contending for aptitude in a tense labor market require paying cautious concentration to employment relationships. Workplace confidence: Workers who have strong employment relationships individually account high-quality morale inside their place of work. Morale is a vital element in humanizing a strong and creative work surroundings in Food Manufacturing business. Absenteeism: Employees in feeble employment relationships account for more absenteeism due to personal sickness or damage than do employees in strong relationships. Absenteeism is expensive to employers, detracts from an individual's worth of life, and decreases national output. Readiness to join a union: Employees in fragile employment relationships are more than twice as probable to want to connect a union as those in strong relationships in Food

Ethics and Moral Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics and Moral Theories - Essay Example This doctrine assumes that we cannot ask others to act in their own self interest because it can negatively affect my self interest. 2) Individual Ethical Egoism: This is the belief that every individual should work for my interest. This is also termed as egotism and goes to an extreme level of selfishness whereby we believe that not only we should act for our self interests, others in the universe shall also act for our interests. There is no practical justification of this doctrine as it borders on extraordinary levels of selfishness (Pojman & Fieser, 2011). 3) Universal Ethical Egoism: This doctrine argues that all individuals should pursue their own self interest exclusively with no regard to the interest of others or no intention to contribute towards their interest. An issue with this theory is that without appropriate knowledge of the world, it will be difficult to understand our own interest. Furthermore, there can be debate over to what constitutes self interest. Act Utilitarianism:- Act utilitarianism states that our duty on any specific occasion is to act in a way that will produce greater total good and better consequences than what any other act will produce. This rule is applied directly to a selection of particular actions under particular events. Rule Utilitarianism:- Rule utilitarianism states that it is our duty to abide by rules designed for the greater total good and produce consequences better than those produced by any other rules. This doctrine is applied to a selection of a set of rules which are then used to determine what to do in particular situations. Feminist ethics is an attempt to reformulate the traditional theories of ethics with respect to the aspects that devalue women’s moral experience. It aims to correct male biases in historical and traditional ethical theory by emphasizing relationships

Nature Of Employment Relationship In A Large Food Manufacturing Essay

Nature Of Employment Relationship In A Large Food Manufacturing Organization - Essay Example It is the key point of reference for determining the nature and extent of employers' rights and obligations towards their workers. Prospective employees in Food Manufacturing business, whether recently graduated university candidates, transferees from other corporations, or internal candidates, are looking for dissimilar things from their work life than they were a decade before. Today's employees look for balance. Sixty-hour work weeks, comprehensive journey timetables, breakfast meetings, dinner meetings, weekend training and work schedules must be put into standpoint in relation to family life, group of people commitment and pastime. To text this, the four dimensions of the employment relationship were distorted into a solitary Employment Relationships Prcis Scale, using multivariate study to review the sovereign result of this scale on a variety of results (taking into account socio-demographic, labor market and work circumstances factors). Work Satisfaction: Powerful employment relationships are the key determinant of job satisfaction between salaried employees and self-employed persons in Food Manufacturing business. ... Not only does job satisfaction replicate a person's in general excellence of operational existence, it also has been connected to a variety of results significant for employers - counting productivity as well. Skill development and use: Strong employment relationships are linked with the more effectual utilization of human resources. Employees who have powerful employment relationships (contrasting to workers in feeble relationships) have more chances in their job to grow and use their capabilities and talent in Food Manufacturing business. This supports the formation of human capital, which is necessary for both person well-being and a strong economy in such fast growing business. Turnover: Fragile employment relationships in Food Manufacturing business add to turnover, evaluating from which employees looked for a job with an additional employer in the precedent year. Therefore employers encountering staffing and retention challenge contending for aptitude in a tense labor market require paying cautious concentration to employment relationships. Workplace confidence: Workers who have strong employment relationships individually account high-quality morale inside their place of work. Morale is a vital element in humanizing a strong and creative work surroundings in Food Manufacturing business. Absenteeism: Employees in feeble employment relationships account for more absenteeism due to personal sickness or damage than do employees in strong relationships. Absenteeism is expensive to employers, detracts from an individual's worth of life, and decreases national output. Readiness to join a union: Employees in fragile employment relationships are more than twice as probable to want to connect a union as those in strong relationships in Food

Conservation of the Everglades National Park Research Paper

Conservation of the Everglades National Park - Research Paper Example The Park is home to several species of wildlife such as herons, egrets, wood storks, red-shouldered hawks, snail kites, wild turkeys, woodpeckers, and warblers. In addition, it is the only Park in the world with two contrasting species of animals coexisting in the same ecosystem. For example, alligators, commonly found in temperate climatic zones, live with crocodiles, only found in tropical zones. Since the Park receives both freshwater and saltwater from different sources, plants and animals from temperate and tropical climatic zones are a common feature. Funding from external sources is necessary to support conservation programs aimed at preserving the existing ecosystem, as well as develop lasting solutions to slow down the effects of global warming on the Park’s flora and fauna. Diversity and biological interrelationships among the life forms in the area During the dry season often experienced between December and April, the alligator digs out large holes in the limestone that provides shelter for turtles, insects, wading birds, and fish. These holes provide a secure place for these animals to cool down during the day before returning to their habitats at night (Spoolman & Miller, 2011). Moreover, during the wet seasons, alligators spread out the marshes floating on the water to make way for wading birds and other freshwater animals. The life cycle of the snail kites is dependent upon the availability of the apple snail, which is its staple prey in the Park. Due to the seasonal water flow affecting the Park, the population of the apple snails is diminishing, endangering the survival of the snail kites. Thus, conservancy strategies have been put in place to control the use of water in the Park so as to reverse the current seasonal dry spells that, for years, have disrupted the Park’s ecosystem. For there to be a stable balance between the predators and their prey, conservancy programs should be modeled towards reversing the effects of global w arming currently affecting the flora and fauna native to the Park (Balint, Stewart, Desai, & Walters, 2011). Mangrove trees provide nesting grounds for different species of birds living in the Park. Furthermore, snakes prey on these birds for survival, thus keeping the mangrove forest intact would strengthen this food chain, providing a balance between the two species dominant in the Park. Human intrusions threatening the Park Although the Park is protected from the inside, its surroundings are constantly being destroyed by human activities, such as building canals to redirect water from the river for irrigation. The water channeled off the Park is being utilized by the neighboring communities to water their plantations, as well as for domestic use. Besides, the canal’s major objective is to control flooding during the rainy season when water from the springs overflows to the plantations surrounding the Park (Parrish, 2011). Water from the â€Å"River of Grass† is curr ently being used to irrigate sugarcane plantations located between the Park and Lake Okeechobee. It is said that the river no longer flows to the Park as it used to when the Park was opened since most of the water is being tapped for domestic and industrial use.

Never Let Me Go Essay Example for Free

Never Let Me Go Essay 2009: A symbol is an object, action, or event that represents something or that creates a range of associations beyond itself. In literary works a symbol can express an idea, clarify meaning, or enlarge literal meaning. Select a novel or play and, focusing on one symbol, write an essay analyzing how that symbol functions in the work and what it reveals about the characters or themes of the work as a whole. Do not merely summarize the plot. Most children grow up thinking that one day they will reach maturity and go to college, get a job, start a life and family and so on. However, the children of Hailsham grow up only to get their organs taken from them one by one until they die. While growing up at Hailsham, their biggest fear seems to be the woods that surround their home. The woods are a symbol that represent the outside world and therefore their fate after Hailsham, but more importantly how this knowledge they have about their future is always wandering in the back of their mind. Throughout the entire description of the woods, there’s imagery of things lurking over Hailsham. The woods are always â€Å"looming in the distance† up on the hill over Hailsham and the ghost of the girl who was never able to get back in is always â€Å"gazing over Hailsham† This idea of the woods being so scary, and the scary stories that have been created about them, is symbolic of how the fate of their futures also lingers over Hailsham and the children. It seems that the only thing the children can truly be sure of is that they will be fine as long as they stay in Hailsham. To them Hailsham represents security and safety, but outside, they don’t really know for sure. All they really know is that once they leave Hailsham, no matter how badly they’re pleading to be let back in, they will never be able to return. In the novel there is a part where the kids punish Marge K for embarrassing them by forcing her to look at the woods at night because apparently it was enough to ensure for her a sobbing night of terror. I could see a kid being scared in this situation but an entire night of sobbing terror seems like she was way more than just scared. What scares her is facing her future. Seeing those woods and realizing that one day she will be there and not at Hailsham anymore. As the story progresses the guardians try to deny the rumors about the woods, but the older kids always insist they would be told the ghastly truth soon enough. Since the older kids begin to understand the truth about their futures they warn their younger, more naà ¯ve, brothers and sisters at Hailsham. The fate of the children of Hailsham is tragic and inevitable one. When you’re young, your â€Å"little kid† instincts tend to take over and you find yourself channeling your fears into something that’s easier for you to understand. For the children of Hailsham this â€Å"easier† thing is the woods.

Behaviorism. Neo Behaviorism and Gestalt Psychology

Behaviorism. Neo Behaviorism and Gestalt Psychology John B. Watson (1878 1958) was known as the father of behaviorism. Watson did not believe that the definition of psychology was the science of the mind. He believed that psychology should be viewed as a purely objective experimental branch of natural science and that the goal of the psychologist is not to understand the mind but to understand behavior. (Wozniak, 1997) Watsons studied behavioristic psychology in neonates at the Phipps Psychiatric Clinic in Baltimore. Hothersall stated that Watson found that there were three main classes of emotional responses that were distinguishable in human neonates: fear, rage, and love. These emotions were elicited by a set of certain stimuli. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 471 472) Watson also conducted experiment and believed that children should be kept on a very strict schedule. He believed that children should not be hugged, kissed, and that they should be treated as little adults. (Wozniak, 1997) Watson began research with a child named Albert wh o was a child of one of the nurses in the Hospital. Albert was chosen because of his temperament. Watson wanted to study conditioning behavior of fear in a child. He wanted to see if a child could be conditioned to fear, the reconditioned to resolve tat same fear. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 472) Watsons behavior conditioning of fear was a success and was a widely known research project. He had now proved that fear can be acquired through conditioning and that most fear was probably acquired through a constant exposure. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 474) Albert was removed from the program by his mother before he could be reconditioned to not fear the animals that he were conditioned to fear. Eventually, Watson discovered a new subject whose fears were actually similar to little Alberts fears. Watson and his assistant Jones began to use conditioning methods on Peter to cure him of his fears. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 477) Peters conditioning went from fear to indifference to him being fond of rabbits . Watson kept in touch with Peter and his family and Peter remained found of rabbits for quite some time after the direct conditioning had finished. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 478) After Watsons forced resignation from Johns Hopkins Department of Psychology, he went to work in advertising. Because he understood advertising from a psychologist view, he was able to apply his behaviorist psychology to advertising and use behaviorism to sell products. He was able to use demographics surveys to target consumers. Watson was a very successful advertiser and was also the first to use radio effectively for advertising. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 476 477) Watson was a very successful advertiser but was never able to return to academics which was his love. 2. Compare and Contrast the Little Albert and Peter case studies. Watsons study of children led him to the two case studies of fear in children. Watsons research with children began at the Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic in Baltimore in 1916. Adolf Meyer was sympathetic to Watsons behaviorism and allowed him to set up a research laboratory at the clinic where he studied child development. At Phipps he studied more than 500 infants. He studied their reflexes and emotional reactions. He believed that the newborns had a number of reflexes but only 3 main classes of emotional responses: fear, rage, and love. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 471) Watson experimented with a normal developing baby at an invalid hospital whose mother was a nurse at the hospital. Watson wanted to see if he could condition the child to elicit a fear response. First he began to create a fear in the child by striking a pole with a hammer until the child became afraid of the sound. Once Little Albert was afraid of the sound, Watson paired the sound to an animal that Little Albert was not afraid of. Whenever Little Albert would reach for the animal, the experimenter would strike the pole with the hammer. At first, little Albert would pull away from the animal. By the third attempt to pair the animal with the sound, Little Albert would cry. Once he elicited the responses that Watson was hoping for, Watson would then begin to introduce more animals to see if Little Alberts fear would cross over from animal to the other. The experimenter would now introduce other animals and objects to Little Albert. Watson received the results that he was looking for. Although Little Albert never finished the study, the Little Albert study is extremely important in psychology. The research conducted on Little Albert had a tremendous effect on the world. Watsons research and experiments continue to influence psychology and therapy. (Little Albert, 2009) Because Little Albert didnt complete the study, Watson was left without a subject and without the result he was looking for in order to show that people can also be conditioned to not fear. The case of Peter made it possible for the experiment to continue where Dr. Watson had left off. First Watson would have to condition Peter to not fear a stimulus. Once the fear of the stimuli was gone, he would have to test to see if the resolution of the fear of that stimulus had transferred to his fear of other stimuli. (Green, 2001) Peter was overly afraid of a white rat which transferred to a white rabbit, a fur coat, a feather, and cotton wool. Te begin unconditioning Peter, he was shown a white rat. When he was shown the rat while sitting in the crib, he begins to cry. Afterwards, Peter was sat in a chair as he watched one of the experimenters handle the rat without fear. Peter was then gradually exposed to a white rabbit. Tolerance began with stage A bringing the rabbit into the room in a cage to stage F being free in the room to stage Q nibbling on Peters fingers. These degrees of toleration were represented in stages i n which the improvement or tolerance occurred. Some things that the stages did not show was the set-backs that Peter experienced such as a sudden change or fear of the rabbit again or the longer time it would take to reach the next stage. (Green, 2001) Watson and Jones research and experiments with Peter found that the most effective method for overcoming fear was direct conditioning to that fear. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 477) 3. What are the major tenants of Gestalt psychology as developed by Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka? How do their ideas oppose those of Watsons Behaviorism? Initially the three founders of Gestalt (meaning shape or form) Psychology, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler were all German Psychologist whose interest included perception, learning, problem solving, and cognition. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 207) Max Wertheimer (1880 1943) was a young Jewish boy whose parents sent him to study at a Catholic Gymnasium. They also taught him Hebrew and the Torah while at home. His parents bought him the collective works of Baruch Spinoza, a philosopher. He attended the University of Prague where he studied law. He became interested in Psychology and studied under Stumpf at the University of Berlin. He received his Doctorial degree under Kulpe at the University of Wurzburg. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 208) Kurt Koffka (1886 1941) was born in Berlin and attended the University of Berlin and earned his PhD in 1909. Koffka had studied movement phenomena under Stumpf at the University of Berlin. (Green, 2000) Wolfgang Kohler (1887 1967) was born in Reval and earned his PhD in 1909 at the University of Berlin under Stumpf. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 209) As Rallman stated, Gestalt is the German word for form, and as it applied in Gestalt psychology it means unified whole or configuration. The essential point of gestalt is that in perception the whole is different from the sum of its parts. (Rallman, 2010) Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka began working together after Wertheimer consulted with Professor Schumann of the Psychological Institute at the University of Frankfurt about some questions that he had. Wertheimer wanted to know where movement came from. His work with Kohler and Koffka led to phi phenomenon and the 4 principles of Gestalt Theory (Holistic Thinking, Phenomenological Basis, Methodology, and Isomorphism). (Hothersall, 2004, p. 209) Gestalt Psychology differed from Behaviorism because behaviorism was founded on the ideas that people can change their behaviors. Its basis is that the person can control the mind and their behavior. Gestalt psychology grew out of perceptual theories and its basis is looks at the human mind an d behavior as a whole. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 209-211) The basis of Gestalt Theory is that the form is always a constant. No matter how the sensation or surroundings change, the form remains constant. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 207 208) 4. Outline the major ideas of the Neo-Behaviorists: Tolman, Guthrie, Hull, and Skinner. Edward Chace Tolman (1886 1959) was a Psychologist born in Massachusetts and the brother of a famous Physicist. Tolman received his Bachelors from MIT, but didnt want to feel like he was following in his brothers footsteps. He changed universities to Harvard University where he studied Philosophy and Psychology. He received his PhD in Psychology in 1915. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 487-488) Tolmans theory of Neo-behaviorism is rooted in Gestalt psychology and Behaviorism. Edwin Ray Guthrie (1886 1959) was an American Philosopher and Behaviorist Psychologist. Guthrie showed academic talent even as a young boy. Guthrie was a mathematics major at the University of Nebraska and received his Masters and PhD in Philosophy. (Hothersall, 2004, p 496) Guthries most important contribution to psychology was his theory of learning or what he called his point of view or his rudiments of a system of learning. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 498) In his book, The Psychology of Learning, he stated that the principle of contiguity in similar words: a combination of stimuli which has accompanied a movement will on its recurrence tend to be followed by that movement. (Hothersall, 2004, p 499-500) Guthries work played an important part in understanding all the processes that take place as people develop the knowledge and develop the skills which help them to interact successfully with the environment and with the people around them. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 499) Clark Leonard Hull (1884 1952) attended a one room school where he took all of the courses and taught there for a year. As a child he had a strong need to succeed. Because of his need to succeed, he spent long hours working and studying. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 504) After taking a one year break due a typhoid infection, Hull entered the Alma College studying mining engineering. After his second year at Alma College, he has a severe attack of poliomyelitis which left one of his legs paralyzed. Because of his paralysis, Hull would not be able to have a successful career as a mining engineer and decided to study either religion or psychology. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 504-505) Hull graduated from the University of Michigan with a BA degree and a year later he entered the University of Wisconsin where he was assigned as a research assistant to Joseph Jastrow. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 505) While Hulls work on aptitude and hypnosis was important, his attempt to develop a comprehensive behavior sy stem was his most important contribution. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 506) His work was cited in the American Journal of Experimental Psychology more than any other Psychologist from 1949 1952. Hulls contributions were recognized by his colleagues and he attained the presidency of the American Psychological Association as well as being elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1936. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 513) Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904 1990) attended Hamilton College in Upstate New York and aspired to be a writer. After graduating, he set-up a study and spent a year trying to write. At the end of the year, he concluded that he had nothing to write and begin a new career. Skinner purchased Watsons books on Behaviorism. After Skinner read Pavlovs book, he decided that his future was in psychology. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 515) He invented the operant conditioning chamber and developed his own philosophy of science. Skinners radical behaviorism sought to understand reinforcement on behaviors. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 517 519) To Skinner, reinforcement is integral in the shaping of a persons behavior. Skinners radical behaviorism and operant conditioning is used in child rearing, teaching, and business now. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 524 528)

We Must Revitalize Downtown Los Angeles :: Argumentative, Persuasive

Downtown is the commercial center of city or town. Downtown is a main target for employment and a great place to live in most cities. It should be the biggest attraction and most beautiful place of the city. Los Angles downtown is voted to be one of the dirtiest downtowns and Los Angles is a big attraction to tourist. Cleaning up downtown would leave better impressions on tourist and also residents. The crime rate would get lower and their wont be any homeless people around. One of the most beautiful music centers is the Disney Hall. Walt Disney Concert Hall is the fourth and most recent addition to the Music Center of Los Angles County. It is situated on 3.6 acres- a full-city block at the intersection of First Street and Grand avenue in the historic Bunker Hill area of downtown Los Angeles. Walt Disney Concert Hall encompasses two outdoor amphitheatre, including Keck Children Amphitheatre seating 300 and a second performing space that accommodates an audience of 120, as well as a space for pre-concert events. A large portion of the site has been dedicated to an urban park with expensive public gardens and ornamental landscaping and water elements. The Disney Hall attracts people all over to come down to see an outstanding show there. It is amazing and has the best shows and concerts showing there. Downtown LA voted 1 of the dirtiest downtowns ever but has the most beautiful music center. Around Disney we have some nice buildings. The cathedral is just across from Disney. The environment is very clean and it attracts rich and wealthy people. It is a very clean and safe area to be in downtown. When u go just a little bit west from Disney you see the real downtown. The Fashion District is a very large area where they only sell clothing and fabric for very low coast and wholesale price. The LA Fashion District spans 90 and is the center of the apparel industry on the West Coast. Retailers, wholesale buyers, designers, stylist, students, shopper and residents all converge here. The Clean Team keeps the LA Fashion District looking its best with daily sidewalk cleaning and graffiti removal. Other Clean Team services including the regular removal of visitor street trash, weeds, ally and storm drain cleaning. The Clean Team washes over 14.5 million square feet of sidewalk per quarter and collects and disposes We Must Revitalize Downtown Los Angeles :: Argumentative, Persuasive Downtown is the commercial center of city or town. Downtown is a main target for employment and a great place to live in most cities. It should be the biggest attraction and most beautiful place of the city. Los Angles downtown is voted to be one of the dirtiest downtowns and Los Angles is a big attraction to tourist. Cleaning up downtown would leave better impressions on tourist and also residents. The crime rate would get lower and their wont be any homeless people around. One of the most beautiful music centers is the Disney Hall. Walt Disney Concert Hall is the fourth and most recent addition to the Music Center of Los Angles County. It is situated on 3.6 acres- a full-city block at the intersection of First Street and Grand avenue in the historic Bunker Hill area of downtown Los Angeles. Walt Disney Concert Hall encompasses two outdoor amphitheatre, including Keck Children Amphitheatre seating 300 and a second performing space that accommodates an audience of 120, as well as a space for pre-concert events. A large portion of the site has been dedicated to an urban park with expensive public gardens and ornamental landscaping and water elements. The Disney Hall attracts people all over to come down to see an outstanding show there. It is amazing and has the best shows and concerts showing there. Downtown LA voted 1 of the dirtiest downtowns ever but has the most beautiful music center. Around Disney we have some nice buildings. The cathedral is just across from Disney. The environment is very clean and it attracts rich and wealthy people. It is a very clean and safe area to be in downtown. When u go just a little bit west from Disney you see the real downtown. The Fashion District is a very large area where they only sell clothing and fabric for very low coast and wholesale price. The LA Fashion District spans 90 and is the center of the apparel industry on the West Coast. Retailers, wholesale buyers, designers, stylist, students, shopper and residents all converge here. The Clean Team keeps the LA Fashion District looking its best with daily sidewalk cleaning and graffiti removal. Other Clean Team services including the regular removal of visitor street trash, weeds, ally and storm drain cleaning. The Clean Team washes over 14.5 million square feet of sidewalk per quarter and collects and disposes

Assimilationism vs. Multiculturalism Essay example -- Assimilationism

Assimilationism vs. Multiculturalism In the words of Thomas Bray, "Should we "assimilate" to one standard, or should we "celebrate" diversity?" This is a popular question in America's classrooms today. America, known as the melting pot, is made up of many different colors, races, religions, and beliefs. American professors, journalists, and authors would like to know if multiculturalism has a positive effect on children in today's classrooms. Whether or not the student's way of life and personal experiences should be discussed in class is a major issue. Maxine Hairston, a Professor of Rhetoric and Composition at the University of Texas at Austin, writes of her experience with teaching in a multicultural classroom. Hairston is a strong supporter of children writing on their background, culture, and way of life. She feels that this enhances the classroom's atmosphere. Maxine Hairston writes, "Gradually their truths will change, but so will ours because in such a classroom one continually learns from one's students." Living in a particular way all one's life can cause views and opinions on certain subjects, but when put into a classroom with other students, it decenters one's ideas. Hairston wants the classroom to be designed around the students. She states, "These students bring with them a kaleidoscope of experiences, values, dialects, and cultural backgrounds that we want to respond to positively and productively, using every resource we can to help them adapt to the academic world and become active participants in it." Hairston wa nts students of every race, color, religion, and belief to learn about writing while learning about others. Thomas Bray, a Detroit News Columnist, writes an editorial on the California sch... ...guistics, and is a successful author. Looking at three different perspectives of multiculturalism I see how important it is to welcome new ideas and people into my world. Although, like most things in life there must be a line drawn somewhere. If sharing your personal experiences, ideas, and beliefs makes you uncomfortable then by no means should you be punished for it within a classroom. Every person has a right to learn no matter what their race, religion, gender, or belief. And for that our national meting pot should keep on melting together to form an educated nation. Works Cited Bray, Thomas. "Memorial Day and Multiculturalism." Detroit News 24 May 1998. Hairston, Maxine. "Diversity, Idealogy, and Teaching Writing." College Composition and Communication 43.2 (May 1992): 179-195. Tan, Amy. "Mother Tongue." Three Penny Review. 1990.

Atv Design Report

TEAM ID:60000 BAJA SAE INDIA 2012 DESIGN REPORT Copyright  © 2009 SAE International TEAM: THE CONRODS AUTHOR: K. SUBHASH BABU. CO-AUTHOR: KARN JAIN. ABSTRACT The objectives of the mini-Baja competition are to design and manufacture a â€Å"fun to drive†, versatile, safe, durable, and high performance off road vehicle. Team members must ensure that the vehicle satisfies the limits of set rules, while also to generating financial support for the project, and managing their educational responsibilities. This vehicle must be capable of negotiating the most extreme terrain with confidence and ease.The 2012 SRM UNIVERSITY Mini-Baja Team, THE CONRODS met these objectives by dividing the vehicle into its major component subsystems. By examining the 2011 entry, the team was able improve on many design features to better meet the stated requirements. Function Diagram (QFD) to determine which parameters were the most critical. These key parameters ranging from most critical to least cr itical are safety, reliability, low cost, ease of operation and maintenance, and overall performance. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:ENGINE Type Displacement Compression Ratio Max Power Max Torque DRIVE TRAIN Transmission Gear Shift Mechanism SUSPENSION Front Suspension Rear Suspension Ground Clearance Shocks and Springs Front Susp. Travel Rear Susp. Travel WHEELS Front Tyres Rear Tyres BRAKES Working Fluid Type Pedal Ratio M C Bore Dia W C Bore Dia Brake Disc Dia STEERING Type Mechanism Steering Ratio Lock to lock angle 4 Stroke, OHV,B&S 304 cc 8:1 7. 5 KW @ 3600 rpm 18. 5 Nm @ 2600 rpm Mahindra Champion Alfa (forward Orientation) Sequential Double Wishbone Double Wishbone 11. inches Customized 5 inches 6. 5 inches 22*8-10 22*8-10 Dot-3 Oil All Wheel Disc 4:1 0. 8 inch 1. 6 inch 6 inch Ackermann Rack and Pinion 10. 7:1 400 INTRODUCTION&CONSUMER INFLUENCES THE CONRODS BAJA SAEINDIA vehicle is designed as a prototype for manufacture by an outdoor recreation firm. The ideal vehicle is safe, simple and inexpensive. Additionally, the vehicle is attractive to potential buyers in both its visual appearance and performance. These characteristics are considered in design of the following major vehicle subsystems: frame, suspension, steering, and braking.Before any design could begin, we had to understand exactly who our customers are and their needs. To gain this understanding, we did extensive research that included market survey and interviewing both professional and nonprofessional local off-road enthusiasts. With this research, we determined that our customers are the BAJA SAEINDIA event and non-professional weekend off-road enthusiasts. We felt it necessary to distinguish between the two to ensure that we followed all rules set by SAEINDIA INDIA and to accommodate the weekend off-road enthusiasts in a safe manner within the SAEINDIA rules.With all necessary design parameters determined for each customer base, we were able to combine them for an overall list of design s pecifications that met all SAEINDIA requirements. We used these parameters to create a Qualitative 1|P ag e Turning radius 2. 7 meters CHASSIS/OVERALL DIMENSIONS Chassis Material IS 3074 CDS1 Tubular Frame Overall Length 2100 mm Wheel Base 1490 mm Wheel Track 1143. 2 mm Height of Vehicle 1520. 0 mm WEIGHTS Front Wheel Assembly 10 Kg Rear Wheel Assembly 11. 8 Kg Engine(with engine oil) 23 Kg Transmission(with 17 Kg lubricant) Chassis 55 Kg Dampers 8 Kg Expected Kerb Weight 260 KgTARGET SPECIFICATIONS: Parameters Speed Stopping Distance Acceleration Gradability Turning circle dia. Ground Clearance Emissions Values 40 km/h 7m 11. 6 seconds 82. 2% 5. 4 m 11. 6 inches BS III the planes created by the roll cage and the driver’s helmet. SAEINDIA also require a 3 inch envelope when a straight-edge is applied to any two tubing. Emphasis was placed on creating an easily manufactured roll cage with few parts, minimal welding and yet is still both light and strong, hence the numbers of b ends were kept to a minimum.Roll hoop Overhead members and Forward Bracing Members are one continuous bent tube. Lower Frame Side tubes are straight and are bent inwards to connect to the front suspension mounts. The Side Impact Member is a single tube with a single bend that encompass the car from the Rear Roll Hoop forward. The foot box of the vehicle is shaped by the LFS, SIM and straight tubes welded to the upper side impact tube forming a hexagonal front bulkhead taking into consideration the suspension design and reduction in dead space based on experience from the 2011 entry. A 3-D view of the car is shown below: FRAME DESIGNOBJECTIVE & FRAME CONFIGURATION The objective of the chassis is to encapsulate all Components of the car including a driver efficiently and safely. With a limited amount of power, the focus is primarily on the power to weight ratio of the vehicle. The only means to improve this critical parameter is to reduce the overall vehicle weight. Great care is take n in laying out the chassis. SAEINDIA requires each vehicle conform to a 95percentile male for all ergonomic evaluations of the design. The pertinent information is taken from â€Å"Body-space Anthropometry, Ergonomics and Design† by Stephen Pheasant.Several key safety factors in the design process dictate chassis roll cage layout and foot box design. For the roll cage, SAEINDIA requires 6 inches of clearance measured from the inside of Principal aspects of the chassis focused on during the design and implementation included driver safety, suspension and drive-train integration, structural rigidity, weight, and operator ergonomics. The number one priority in the chassis design was driver Page | 2 safety. With the help of the 2012 Baja SAEINDIA Competition Rules and Finite Element Analysis (FEA), design assurance was able to take place.Rear Impact Next rear, impact analysis was done while assuming 15,000N as the impact force. STRESS: SMX-172. 22 N/mm2 FOS:2. 43 MATERIAL SELECT ION: Two materials were considered for the construction of the chassis: AISI 4130 and IS 3074 CDS 1. IS 3074 CDS 1 steel with an OD of 25. 4 mm and a wall thickness of 3 mm was chosen because it exceeds the bending stiffness and strength requirements of SAEINDIAINDIA which gives increased protection to driver. PROPERTY Tensile strength(N/sq. mm) Yield strength(N/sq. mm) Elongation on 50 mm G. L Density (g/cc) IS 3074 438 376 32% 7. 872 AISI 4130 760 460 27% 7. 5 Side Impact The next step in the analysis was to analyse a side impact with a 5000N load. As a side impact is most likely to occur with the vehicle being hit by another MiniBaja vehicle it was assumed that neither vehicle would be a fixed object. STRESS: 237. 49 N/mm2 FOS: 1. 77 It was found out that the bending stiffness and bending strength of IS 3074 CDS are greater than those of 1018 steel having a circular cross section of 25. 4 mm and 3 mm thickness LOADING ANALYSIS: To properly approximate the loading that the vehicle will encounter, an analysis of the impact loading seen in the various types of impact scenarios was required.To properly model the impact force, the deceleration of the vehicle after impact is generally assumed to be zero. To approximate the worst case scenario that the vehicle will see, research into the forces the human body can endure was completed. It was assumed that this worst case collision would be seen when the vehicle runs into stationary, rigid object. Front Impact The first analysis to be completed was that of a front collision with a stationary object. In this case a deceleration of 20,000N was the assumed loading. STRESS: SMX-177. 81 N/mm2 FOS: 2. 36Rollover Impact The Final step in the analysis was to analyse the stress on the roll cage caused by rollover with a 5000N load on the cage. The Loading was applied to the two upper forward corner of the perimeter hoop with a combination vector sideways and downward. The load was chosen to be on two corners as this would be a worst case scenario rollover. STRESS: 267 N/mm2 FOS:1. 57 FABRICATION To maximize the geometrical consistency of the fabricated chassis, all fixturing and measurements were based on a single fixed coordinate system relative to a rigid table on which the chassis and all components were bolted.Through the use of this table and good fixturing practices, the team was able to best assure that the chassis geometry, especially Page | 3 in critical sections such as the suspension pickup points, correlated closely with the design specifications. In addition, measuring from aFixed location minimized tolerance stack-up due to measurement error and component movement results. We have decided to fabricate the second hub since it has minimum weight and optimized FOS. *Material Used to manufacture the hubs-High Carbon Steel *Hardening Process Done-Cyaniding SPACE IN DRIVER COMPARTMENT:DRIVER EROGONOMICS Driver ergonomics has been our major concern during design of the frame and also during posi tioning of various systems in drivers cabin. Cabin is made spacious for safe and comfortable. All the cables and wires are routed properly so that they would not interfere with driver legs or hands. all the routings are done in design stage itself and ROH is raised to a suitable height so that it would give proper vision to the driver DRIVERS VISION WINDOW: SUSPENSION Objective: A Mini-Baja suspension system must satisfy the following design requirements.Control movement at the wheels during vertical suspension travel and steering, both of which influence handling and stability. Provide sufficient sprung mass vibration isolation to maintain satisfactory ride quality, while maintaining high tire-ground contact rate and low tire vertical load fluctuation rate to improve road holding and handling. Improve jumping performance by limiting sprung mass pitch displacement while the vehicle is airborne. Limit chassis roll during cornering to prevent roll-over, decrease roll camber, and there fore, decrease steering reaction time and slip angle induced drag forces.Prevent excessively high jacking forces by managing static roll center location and roll center migration. Limit lateral tire scrub to maintain straight line stability and minimize horsepower losses at the rear suspension. Control lateral load transfer distribution to influence both steady state and limit of adhesion over steer/under steer handling characteristics. The non-professional weekend off road enthusiast requires a vehicle which exhibits both safe, stable, responsive handling; and a soft, comfortable ride . DRIVERS VIEW OF THE CABIN: Alternatives considered:Several different types of suspension system were considered before selecting the independent unequal arm double wishbone suspension system for both front and rear. Unequal double A-arm: In the design, suspension is supported by triangulated Aarm at the top and bottom of the knuckle. Advantages: *Improved ride quality *Good road holding *Rigid links *More control over geometry *Wheel control is precise *Negative camber gain during vertical suspension travel. Page | 4 FRONT SUSPENSION Setting static roll Centre: A two dimensional sketch was made after estimating the Centre of mass of the vehicle on paper.Various references were taken to make a 2D sketch these include: ? ? ? ? Track width of vehicle Front hub king pin axis inclination, king pin length, ball joint dimension Rim off set(for king pin positioning) Wishbone mounting point lengths rebound. Since we could not find springs that were less stiff than this we decided to go for the Auto springs as it satisfied our ride comfort requirements. A stiffer spring was required in the rear to achieve the coupling effect of suspension so as to convert the pitching motion into a bouncing motion. REAR SUSPENSION:The primary concern in designing the rear suspension was to get the maximum possible travel (jounce and rebound) such that the rear driving wheels were always kept in contact with the ground. The camber change in the rear wheels should be such that there is not much appreciable change in camber throughout the travel of the wheel. The other factor taken into account was that we were having issues with the rear suspension in last year’s design as it was observed that the drive shaft coupling was coming in contact with the lower wishbone in the rebound condition and this issue has been addressed and rectified in this year’s design.The rear suspension wheel rate was fixed such that the natural frequency of the rear suspension is 20% greater than the front suspension thus providing a flat ride over bumps by converting the pitching motion of the vehicle to be converted into bouncing motion. DAMPER SELECTION: Method for selecting springs The process began by selecting an appropriate wheel rate for the front axle. A typical road frequency of 3. 7 Hz may be encountered at the competition. This is based on a vehicle speed of 40Km/h and a road surface with bumps spaced 3m apart. The natural frequency of the suspension should be kept well below 3. Hz in order to avoid any unwanted excitation. A front suspension natural frequency of 1. 20 Hz was deemed to be suitable. The wheel rate required to obtain this natural frequency was established using the following equation (assuming sprung mass of 72kg/wheel) . 2 ? ? We need to calculate the damping ratios for the front and rear suspensions. The design process will commence by iteration only. First we find the ratio for sprung and unsprung with respect to the model. Sprung mass was found to be 71. 456kg the sprung weight was determined while the sprung mass was 288. 54kg. The ratio is 0. 247. The natural frequency of the front suspension is set at 1. 2Hz. Weight on each front wheel is 57. 71 kg. The max force of damping is given by Fcd =2*Msp*wn. Critical damping force for the front suspension system is 1085. 73 Ns/m. For the un-sprung mass natural frequency would be Wn=((Ks+Kt)/Ms)^0. 5 The combined stiffness of tire and wheel is 53. 24N/mm. Amplitude ratios were calculated for a range of damping ratios. These amplitude ratios represent the ratio of applied displacement and the displacement that actually reaches the sprung mass.Amplitude ratios were plotted against the ratio of applied frequency and natural frequency of the sprung mass. This graph shows the ideal damping ratio that should be used. This value as obtained from graph is 0. 7 which gives a damping co-efficient value of 760 Ns/m. In the similar manner the rear suspension has a ride rate of 1. 56Hz. The critical damping force is 1960 Ns/m. The graph of amplitude ratio vs frequency ratio shows an ideal damping ratio of 0. 7 the damping co-efficient is = 0. 7*1960=1372 Ns/m. ? fn ? k wheel msThe ideal wheel rate for the front suspension was calculated to be approximately 40N/mm. The relationship between wheel rate and motion ratio (MR) was used to deduce the location of the shock actuation point on the lower control arm. k wheel ? (MR) 2 ? k spring We need to set the motion ratio according to the wheel travel we require for our suspension. A travel of 50 mm was required and a list of springs were collected and measured for their stiffness characteristics. According to this calculation the motion ratio for auto spring A’s (Ks=58. 57N/mm) wheel rate (Kw=41N/mm) the motion ratio was 0. 8366. Travel of spring per unit wheel travel)The travel obtained by this spring was lesser than was required we could only obtain 26mm of travel in Page | 5 STEERING DESIGN: Objective of steering system in Baja vehicle ? ? ? To provide easy maneuverability of the vehicle over the undulating terrain. It must be durable to sustain the harsh off–road racing course. Less bump steer and return ability in steering Customer requirement: DESIGN OF WHEEL HUBS Our wheel hubs have been designed and fabricated after an extensive research. Effort has been made for minimum scrub radius and obtains the best possible wheel geometry.Adams and Ansys have been used to Simulate and analyse the behavior of these hubs respectively. We have two major design concepts: 1. 2. 3. 4. Optimum sensitivity Low turning radius Minimum feedback Low cost and easy maintenance Basis of our design: We have decided to opt for a 400 degree lock to lock rack and pinion steering with Ackerman geometry. Helical cut teeth will be used for the rack and pinion due to the following advantages over spur gears: ? ? ? ? They take higher loads. They are quieter and smoother. HUB 1 SCRUB RADIUS FACTOR OF SAFETY HUB 2 8 mm 4. 6 1460gm. 15 mm 5. 2 2506gmRulebook Constraints: All vehicles must be equipped with positive wheel lock? to? lock stops and adjustable tie rod ends must be constrained with a jam nut to prevent loosening Tie rod of vehicle should be secured by bumper in front or any other safety device in rear in order to avoid damage of tie rod during collision. WEIGHT Hence taking various factors in to consider ation HUB 2 is considerd for fabrication and stress analysis is done on it. ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED: STRESS DEFORMATION Rack and Pinion Good High Low Light 1. Extermely Simple 2. Gives good driving feel Recirculating ball screw Very High Low High Very High 1.Very Low free play 2. Non-selfreturn ability Worm and sector High Low Very High Comparatively Heavy 1. High free play 2. Non-selfreturn ability FRONT HUB Efficiency Compactness Cost Weight Comments REAR HUB Calculations: Distance between King Pins (c) Using the formulae: = 1117. 6mm FORMULAS FOR STEERING ANGLES ? ? ? cot O – cot ? =c/b sin ? =(c-d)/2r sin(? + ? ) +sin(? – O) =2sin ? Page | 6 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BOBLLIER CONSTRUCTION FOR RACK POSITIONING turning radius = (track/2) + (wheelbase/sin(average steer angle) here O=? o =outer wheel angle ? =? I = inner wheel angle Then ? steering arm angle r = length of the steering arm c= kingpin to kingpin distance d=length of the track rod b=wheelbase CALCULAT IONS wheel base (b)=1532mm kingpin to kingpin distance(c) = 1117. 6 steering arm angle ? =30 degrees on substitution an comparing two results we get ? =40 degrees O=27 degres turning radius was calculated to be 2. 9m Clevis joint is used in rack to reduce the bump steer . The below picture shows the clevis joint used Rack and Pinion design Rack displacement calculation RACK ANALYSIS FOS: 8. 5 deformation stress From above formula we get rack displacement =40+40=80mmThe picture of the complete rack assembly Page | 7 Values No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Item Symbol Formula Spur Gear 2 20 ° 11 zm/2 + H zm D cos? 35 22 Db 20. 67 23 24 Rack Module Pressure angle Number of teeth Height of Pitch Line Centre Distance Pitch Diameter Base Diameter M ? Z H Ax D Adams results : CALCULATION OF FORCES ON RACK AND PINION R=steering wheel radius = 165mm r=pinion pitch-circle radius t=number of pinion teeth = 6 p=linear or circular pitch =22mm E=input steering-wheel effort = 2 * 20N W=output rack load If the pinion makes one revolution; input steering wheel movement Xi = 2? Output rack movement Xo = 2? R = txp = 82. 86mm Therefore; Movement ratio (MR) = Xi/Xo=2? R/2? r=2? R/tp=R/r= 165/11=15 15= W/E, w=600N force is to be applied on to the pinion to move the rack. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ft = Transmitted force Fn = Normal force. Fr = Resultant force ? = pressure angle Fn = Ft tan ? Fr = Ft/Cos ? Here ? =20 degrees therefore Fn=194. 95NFr=630N Opposite wheel travel Fig 3: Graph 1: camber angle vs wheel travel Graph 2: roll centre height vs wheel travel Graph 3: wheel rate vs wheel travel Fig1:Shows the single wheel travel vs toe change and scrub radiusPage | 8 POWERTRAIN DESIGN ? ? Engine and transmission are the loudest systems of the vehicle. Since the engine provided could not be touched in any way, the only noise reduction technique that could be adopted was through the use of proper mufflers. Various mufflers were tested on the engine but the stock muffler provided the least noise le vels . It also provided the best fuel efficiency . So it was decided to use the stock mufflers considering the â€Å"Go Green† theme. The gearbox and CV joints should always be kept properly lubricated to minimize noise due to friction.To reduce vibrations transferred to the chassis from the engine, it is mounted on rubber bushes. The drive shafts are welded properly so that they are inline and no vibrations occur during rotation. The gearbox is mounted firmly in such a way that there is a minimum contact between gearbox and chassis which means minimum transfer of vibration to chassis. The fuel tank capacity is 4 litres. ? ? ? Fig2: Shows roll steer vs wheel travel ? ? ? ? Driveline Power is transmitted from the engine to the wheels in the following way Engine Stub Axle Chain Drive Wheels Gearbox DriveshaftOpposite wheel travel fig 4: Graph 1:roll centre vs roll angle Graph 2: camber vs roll angle Graph 3: roll stiffness vs roll angle The Driveshaft consists of dowel pin on t he gearbox side and rzeppa joint on wheel side . This design ensures transmission of power with minimal losses and allows transmission at longer wheel travel Page | 9 Design Methodologies A customer expects the following things from the transmission system of a Baja vehicle: Forward Orientation Gear Final Gear Ratio 31. 48 18. 70 11. 40 7. 35 55. 08 ? ? ? ? Max. Vehicle Speed (Km/hr) 12. 04 20. 27 33. 26 51. 59 6. 88 Max. Tractive Effort (N) 2240. 7 1348. 28 821. 93 485 3971 Reverse Orientation Final Gear Ratio 55. 08 32. 72 19. 95 13. 40 31. 48 Max. Vehicle Speed (Km/hr) 8. 17 13. 68 22. 19 32. 14 12. 75 Max. Tractive Effort (N) 2990 1776. 23 Reverse engine orientation resulted in problem with weight distribution and increased vehicle length. Using the transmission in forward helped to shift the center of gravity towards vehicle’s center. Due to decreased reduction it also results in increased vehicle speed. It also provides faster acceleration and higher top speed due to th is reason we decided to use the transmission in forward orientation.To calculate vehicle speed at different engine speeds in different gears, we used the formula V= (2*3. 14*engine speed*radius of wheel/Gear ratio)*(60/1000) km/hr. The gear ratios obtained are: Chain Drive gear ratio = 28/28 =1 1083 818. 36 1708. 91 The following graph is obtained: Tractive effort is calculated by formula F=Engine torque*Gear efficiency/wheel radius The curves obtained are: ratio*transmission First Gear Second Gear Third Gear Fourth Gear Reverse Gear High speed for acceleration and speed trials. High torque for towing and hill climbing events.It should be reliable and light weight. It should transmit power in any driving conditions. ? The gearbox operation should be smooth and easy for driving comfort. The engine used has low power to weight ratio, so its necessary to transmit power with minimal loss through drive train. It should be such that it can be easily couple with the engine. Alternatives co nsidered: We had three options while deciding the transmission system a) b) c) A cvt mated with Mahindra gearbox. A custom made manual gearbox. Use of Mahindra champion gearbox coupled with chain drive. 3000 2000 1000 0 0 2000 4000 ractive effort in 1st gear tractive effort in 2nd gear The maximum Tractive effort obtained is 2240N at 2600rpm in 1st gear. Providing an acceleration of 5. 6 m/s^2. The variation of full throttle power with road speed is shown below with different gear ratio Our previous experience with cvt had problem of belt slipping at high torque conditions. Also it resulted in increased weight. So we decided against using this. As we already had 2 champion Alfa gearboxes, we decided on using this gearbox alongwith a chain drive due to the following reasons: 1) 2) 3) 4) Reduced chassis width.Can be easily coupled with the engine. Equal drive shaft lengths; increased ground clearance. Minimum rear overhang; better vehicle dynamics. 60 2nd gear 40 1st gear 20 0 0 2000 4000 3rd gear We had 2 options for the orientation of gearbox: A) Forward engine with engine in the front rear axle. B) Reverse engine orientation with engine behind of the rear axle. Total resistance of the vehicle at 3600rpm is found out by the formula R=k AW^2+KW+WsinO. Where k= coefficient of air resistance N-m^2. Page | 10 A=frontal area of the car, m^2. V= vehicle speed, km/hr. K=constant of rolling resistance.W= weight of car,N O=gradient angle, degrees. The value of resistance comes out to be R=442. 64+2452 sinO. We put this value in formula RV/3600nt=power of engine By solving the above equation for o, we get o=33 degree at 2600 rpm in 1st gear. Stopping Distance Braking Efficiency Parameters Master Cylinder Diameter Caliper Diameter Brake pad height Diameter of the disc Co-efficient of friction of the brake pad Force generated by both the brake pads per wheel Braking Torque per wheel Weight of vehicle(with the driver) Wheelbase Height of COG Dynamic front axle load Dynamic rear axle load 0. 11 m 56% Magnitude/value 19. 05 mm 32 mm 27 mm 162 mm 0. 38 3431 N 1040 N 360 Kg 1397 mm 601. 3 mm 1780 N 1650 N 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2000 4000 gradabilit y in 1st gear Gradabilit y in 2nd gear Gradabilit y in 3rd gear BRAKING DISTANCE VS SPEED: This shows that the vehicle is capable of climbing a 30 degree slope in 1st gear. This is more than enough for heavy off-road conditions. BRAKES: The criterion of designing the brake system, as stated by the rule book is that, all the wheels must lock simultaneously as the driver presses the brake pedal.Our ATV consists of disc in all the four wheels, as disc brakes are safer, reliable and more effective than drum brakes. Brake circuit used is Independent in order to ensure safety We are using rotors of the same diameter for all the four wheels. Special ATV rotors and wheel calipers have been imported from Taiwan and Tandem Master Cylinder of Maruti 800 is being used. Brass linings and Rubber (flexible) brake hoses are being used in the circuit. A Pro-E model of the brake circuit in the vehicle Brake specifications Force of the driver on the pedal Average circuit pressure Pedal ratio Deceleration 400 N 5. 16 N/sqmm 4:1 5. 5m/sqsec Page | 11 BODY PANELS: The criteria for selecting the material for body panels firewall and belly pan was as follows: ? ? ? ? ? ? Safety of the driver Rulebook constraints Weight of the panels Recyclability of the material used Cost of the material Serviceability of the vehicle INNOVATION: Solenoid Operated Fire Extinguisher The body panels are divided into three parts: Side panels, front bumper and rear panels. For increasing the serviceability of the vehicle, the panels and front bumper have been mounted using easily detachable clips.The materials used for the firewall and belly pan are 1. 5mm thick aluminium alloy sheets, which are both lightweight and 100% recyclable. For body panels, 0. 2mm thick sheet metal is used. It is also 100% recyclable. We have decided to i ncorporate following safety features in our vehicle: 1. All disc brakes with cross circuit. 2. Corrosion resistant stainless steel bolts with nylon lock nuts for all fastenings. 3. 2 fire extinguishers 4. First aid kit 5. Spill guard and splash shield for fuel tank 6. Four point harness seat belts. 7. Wide open throttle stop at the pedal. . Reverse alarm and brake lights. 9. Two 01-171 Ski-Doo kill switches. 10. Steering stop at the wheels. 11. Rear view mirrors. 12. Ignition switch for engine, apart from pull start. 13. Electronic operated fire extinguisher. 14. Seat belt engine kill system 15. Driver emergency communication system This novel kind of fire extinguisher arrangement is operated electronically through a solenoid valve. In case of fire the valve is opened by a manually operated button and a jet of CO2 is released in the engine compartment through various angles.This effectively extinguishes fire in the engine compartment and stops it’s further propagation. Seat B elt Engine Kill System: This system is designed such that the driver will not be able to start the car until he engages his seat belt. The seat belt acts as a switch to operate the relay connected to the engine kill wire. When the seat belt is disconnected, the engine kill wire is grounded. Thus, the car cannot be started. As the seat belt is engaged, relay operates, and the engine kill wire circuit is now open enabling the driver to start the COMMUNICATION SYSTEMPURPOSE: †¢ This is a two way communication system wherein messages and signals can be transmitted from the pit to the driver and vice versa. FEATURES: †¢ The system uses two microcontroller based Arduino boards fitted with an ZIGbee communication module. Page | 12 †¢ It is a transceiver. The signals are sent and received with the help of color coded Push Buttons and LEDs. The actual tested system arrangement is shown in figure. †¢ BILL OF MATERIALS: All the parts of the ATV are classified into eleven bl ocks and are given a unique ten digit part number.The cost of procurement of the part or the material is mentioned and all the machining operations are stated clearly. The spread sheet calculates the cost of machining also. Finally, the sub total of the procurement cost and the machining cost is obtained which helps in grand total of the costs. The BOM gives the level of hierarchy to each part. Sub-Division Engine Transmission Brakes Steering Suspension Wheels Electricals Body Chassis Fasteners Safety Grand Total Cost(in INR) 17000. 00 16800. 00 6928. 00 4457. 00 29954. 00 40308. 00 7940. 00 5340. 00 16240. 00 1346. 00 8272. 00 154585. 00 Page | 13ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND REFERENCES ? ? BAJA SAEINDIAINDIA Rulebook. ASIA 2010 Gillespie, Thomas D. , Fundamental of vehicle dynamics, SAEINDIAINDIA publication ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Body-space Anthropometry, Ergonomics and Design† by Stephen Pheasant. Automotive Engineering Fundamentals by â€Å"Richard Stone and Jeffery K. Ball† Th e Multi body Systems Approach to Vehicle Dynamics by â€Å"Mike Blundell and Demian Harty† Theory of Machines by â€Å"S S Ratan† Automobile Mechanics by â€Å"N. K. Giri† Machine Design by â€Å"R. S. Khurmi† Strength of Material by â€Å"R. K. Rajput† Google. com Howstuffworks. com Wikipedia. org Page | 14