Throughout the history of literature, there have been many...

Throughout the history of literature, there have been many tales of tragic heroes. These heroes include Oedipus from Oedipus Rex, Cassius from The Tragedy of Julius Caesar and many others. Many may ask, â€Å"What is a tragic hero?† A tragic hero is a person of noble birth with heroic or potentially heroic qualities. This person is fated by the gods or by some supernatural force to doom and destruction or at least to great suffering. But the hero struggles greatly against this fate and this cosmic conflict wins our admiration. In short, a tragic hero is a character of noble beginnings who is doomed and destined for defeat, downfall or suffering. Macbeth is the perfect example of a tragic hero because he embodies all these traits and†¦show more content†¦Throughout this drama, his ambition shows him change in character and introduce a new character who embraced hunger for power, paranoia, greed and violence. The reason why Macbeth is to blame is he made a personal cho ice to do everything he did. For many other tragic heroes, there is a prophecy stating they will kill someone but for Macbeth the choice was on that he made for himself. Another great contributor to the downfall of Macbeth was his wife, Lady Macbeth. In the beginning of the play, Lady Macbeth is painted as a caring and loving person with no hint of being a threat. However after reading further, she is depicted as a person to fear – the brain behind the actions. She backed up Macbeth and fueled and influenced his action to the point that she offered to kill King Duncan for him but after she states that she is not capable of killing. Lady Macbeth’s most important role was the schemer for the death and murder of King Duncan. Even if Lady Macbeth decided to withdraw from Macbeth she would have still been cited as an important contributor to Macbeth becoming a tragic hero because she opened the door to his first killing which gave him the ability to kill and in the process transforms him to a person that kills in face of adversity and complications. The prophecies that Macbeth received from the three witches were also another influence that led him to become a tragic hero. Without hearing that he would become the Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and the KingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Epic Heroes 1270 Words   |  6 PagesLuck of the Hero (An analysis of epic heroes) Often when reading literature, the reader can’t help but think that no character could have such qualities as they are portrayed in the story. A classic example of this are the epic heroes that help facilitate the history of important cultures. The epic is a long piece of poetry describing a hero’s journey to a better self and complete a mission. These heroes are often extremely brave and smart, which can leave the audience doubting any historical accuracyRead MoreSignificance And Significance Of Mythology1743 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand why human cultures create myths. Mythology can refer to the collected myths of a group of people—their body of stories which they tell to explain nature, history, and customs—or to the study of such myths. As a collection of such stories, mythology is a vital feature of every culture. Various origins for myths have been proposed, ranging from personification of nature, personification of natural phenomena to truthful or hyperbolic accounts of historical events, to explanations of existingRead MoreAnalysis Of Tim Burton s The Brilliant Joker Essay1588 Words   |  7 Pagesissue with someone as awesome as the Batman getting in their way. Despite being a mere mortal, Batman and his fellow graphic novel heroes serve as present day gods akin to the ancient Greek gods of Rome. There are a great many things that set Batman apart from his colleagues, however; chief among them are his tragic origin story, the best villains in modern literature, his total lack of superpowers, wealth, and endless interpretations. Everyone loves a good origin story. Superman’s parents are killedRead More A Comparison of Religion in Sir Gawain and Green Knight and Othello1623 Words   |  7 Pageswritten by William Shakespeare.   Comparing the religious themes and heroes of Othello to the story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight which was written during the Middle English era, will demonstrate just how far England had come.   Both heroes are clearly religious, but Gawain maintains his faith until the end, while Othello falls into the snare of temptation.   The spiritual hero of Middle English is quite different from the tragic hero of the Machiavellian era.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To begin, lookRead MoreThor and the Odyssey Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesOdyssey are very alike; but great hardship and historical literature reveals a contrast. Both narratives compare as timeless tales of reputable heroes. They both include similar plots of long journeys back home. The main characters’ flaws are arrogance which is the source of many of their troubles. Thor and Odysseus’ biggest character flaw is arrogance. Their arrogance leads them into even worst situations that could have easily been prevented. In the Odyssey, Odysseus and his crew wereRead MoreGreek Mythology8088 Words   |  33 Pages  set  of  diverse  traditional  tales  told  by  the  ancient  Greeks  about  the  exploits  of  gods   and  heroes  and  their  relations  with  ordinary  mortals.   The  ancient  Greeks  worshiped  many  gods  within  a  culture  that  tolerated  diversity.  Unlike  other  belief   systems,  Greek  culture  recognized  no  single  truth  or  code  and  produced  no  sacred,  written  text  like   the  Bible  or  the  Qur’an.  Stories  about  the  origins  and  actions  of  Greek  divinities  varied  widely,   depending,  for  example,  on  whether  the  tale  appeared  in  a  comedyRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest Focus On The Lives Of Men1609 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature, like any art discipline, has its’ notable players and its’ cult heroes. William Shakespeare and Oscar Wilde could not be any more different from one another as far as their writings go and even more so with their personalities. Of course, it is important to note that any good writer has a part of them being reflected in their work. Their difference could be just due them being different individuals with different personality traits. However, the era in which they wrote and lived haveRead MoreThe Timeless Truths of Homers Iliad1784 Words   |  8 PagesJames Hutchinson Ms. Spicer AP Literature 20 August 2010 Homers Timeless Truths Is Homers The Iliad relevant to todays society? Is this work a timeless parable depicting universal human truths transcending time and context or merely a superbly-crafted epic poem to be studied and admired for its stylistic brilliance? Has the text endured simply because of Homers dramatic verse or because of the timeless human truths it conveys? Was it written to persuade readers to question the moral implicationsRead More Christian and Pagan Influence in Paradise Lost and Beowulf Essay4093 Words   |  17 Pages(Descend from heav’n Urania, by that name / If rightly thou art called [7.1-2]) wherein Milton places his muse Urania, the Greek muse of astronomy, in Heaven and distinguishes her as Christian, Milton works to integrate the Christian and pagan throughout Paradise Lost. Although a detailed account of the reasoning behind his form is beyond the scope of this essay, because a strict Classicist might resent the intrusion of the Biblical models, [and] a strict ‘P uritan’ might equally resent the degradationRead MoreElizabethan Era11072 Words   |  45 PagesThe Elizabethan Age is the time period associated with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and is often considered to be a golden age in English history. It was an age considered to be the height of the English Renaissance, and saw the full flowering of English literature and English poetry. In Elizabethan theater, William Shakespeare, among others, composed and staged plays in a variety of settings that broke away from Englands past style of plays. It was an age of expansion and exploration

Critical Thinking Essay in Comparative Business Ethics

1. When asked the vast majority of people will agree with the following two statements. Would you agree with them also? a. I have solid, well-considered ethical beliefs that can be altered only by reasoned arguments or new evidence. b. I have character and integrity that will carry me though when I face difficult moral choices. I believe that I do have solid and well considered ethical beliefs that can be altered only by reasoned arguments and the emergence of new evidence. I also believe that I have the character and integrity necessary to carry me through difficult moral choices. I believe that having this self-confidence is necessary in our time and age where the social forces at large always try to push us into different†¦show more content†¦Not surprising at all, Religiosity and Atheism are just additional layers added only recently (during the last 2000? or so? years) to our moral layer cake, imposed by our society. We are still not yet sufficiently evolved to transcend our primal hunter-gatherer instincts. 4. Have you known good people to do bad things? Either personally, or youve heard or read about episodes in the media? Sexual abuse of children by certain priests? Clippers (NBA) Owner Donald Sterlings most recent Racist remarks? Colonel Kurtz, Apocalypse Now? 6. If so, how would you explain their conduct? Simply put, these are all people who have risen to high positions, power went to their heads and at one point they disassociated themselves with the rest of the Hoi Polloi, in their opinion they do no rely on the public anymore, they have broken out of their chain and can only look down on us for not being able to do what is necessary. Activity 2 - Bounded Ethicality 1. Introduction: Economists have often modelled human decision makers as completely rational. According to this model, rational people know their own preferences, gather and accurately process all relevant information, and then make rational choices that advance their own interests. However, Herbert Simon won a Nobel Prize in economics by pointing out that people are rational, but only boundedly so in that they seldom gather all available information, they often do not accurately process the informationShow MoreRelated Teaching an Applied Critical Thinking Course: How Applied Can We Get?3266 Words   |  14 PagesTeaching an Applied Critical Thinking Course: How Applied Can We Get? ABSTRACT: Encouraging students to apply classroom knowledge in their personal, everyday life is a major problem confronting many teachers of critical thinking. For example, while a student might recognize an ad hominem argument in a classroom exercise, it is quite another thing for him or her to avoid the same in interpersonal relations, say with parents, siblings, and peers. One approach to this problem is the creation ofRead MoreThe Leader in Me1370 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿The Leader in Me Abstract The Author of this essay examines his own Johari window developed from feedback from professional colleagues. From that feedback he reviews these findings as they relate to his relationships and career choices. Additionally the subject of the assessments completed correlates his findings that contribute to the success in the organization in developing one’s own personal skills and the relationship of leading employees. The author’s self assessment findings areRead MoreUnderstanding Cultures And Intercultural Communication1512 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen a considerable increase in exchanges between different countries, such as business, financial, individual, economy, religion, education and gender. Intercultural communication is essential in the contemporary world due to globalisation. Indeed, some economists claim that intercultural communication is no longer relevant to countries while others believe that it is still significant for the entire world. This essay will e valuate the effectiveness and relevance of understanding cultures and interculturalRead MoreDifference Between Modern And Modern Society1581 Words   |  7 Pagesour society today. He was unhappy with the division but, on the other hand, it brought about an equal and efficient society. This is why weber said that we are living within â€Å"an iron cage of rationality† as days pass by. In inclusion with that, the essay will explain what bureaucracy is and how it links to modernity, the different types of rationality, Webers understanding of modernity, disenchantment and the reasons why we obey modern laws. Weber acquainted the idea of rationalisation, which clarifiesRead MoreStrategic Management3803 Words   |  16 Pagesa. Formulating strategy b. Strategy evaluation c. Implementing strategy d. Strategic advantage e. Competitive advantage       Ans: c Page: 6    66. What types of skills are especially critical for successful strategy implementation? a. Interpersonal b. Marketing c. Technical d. Conceptual e. Thinking Ans: a Page: 6    67. Which phase of strategic management is called the action phase? a. Strategy formulation b. Strategy implementation c. Strategy evaluation d. Allocating resources Read MoreReflective Essay on Accounting Theory and Practice.3359 Words   |  14 Pageschanging environment of the business. Organization should shift to new area of business as early as possible if they cannot compete in the existing business market. I totally agree with the book, if CoCoA was implemented it would have involved in fundamental and major shift in accounting recording process, which itself could lead to many unacceptable social and economic consequences. I am still a bit confused with CoCoA. Under CoCoA approach, when a company sell its business, transaction gets recordedRead MoreStrategic Management5123 Words   |  21 Pagescustomers worldwide. Ans: T Page: 4 2. Although the Internet has increased in popularity, it has actually led to increases in company expenses. Ans: F Page 4 3. Consumer e-commerce is five times greater than business-to-business e-commerce. Ans: F Page 4 What Is Strategic Management? 4. Optimizing for tomorrow the trends of today is the purpose of strategic management. Ans: F Page: 5 5. Even though useful, strategic planningRead MoreBBS22 Marketing Management Study Guide approved8724 Words   |  35 PagesUNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN Bachelor of Business Studies (Singapore) Marketing Management (MK2002S) STUDY GUIDE BBS22 FT Singapore Copyright December 2014 1 Author: Dr Ajit K Prasad This manual was prepared for University College Dublin as a comprehensive support for students completing the above mentioned Degree programme.  © This publication may not be reproduced, in whole or in part without permission from University College Dublin. Module Coordinator: Dr Ajit K Prasad Email: ajit.prasad@kaplanRead MoreOf Syria and Civil Wars2420 Words   |  10 Pagesvery little role where the start of this conflict is in question. Beyond its support of the protestors’ cry for democratic proceedings, the US was not responsible for instigating violence on either front. Furthermore, the United States was openly critical of Assad’s earlier reaction to what had started out as peaceful protests. According to Al-Monitor News, the US financially supported the opposition to the Syrian government by granting a waiver to a Free Syrian Army (FSA) support group, also calledRead MoreUnethical Behaviour12228 Words   |  49 Pagesfor leaders themselves, followers, and their respective organizations. After defining relevant terms including ethics, morality, and ethical and unethical leadership, a conceptual framework for the unethical behavior of leaders is proposed, which includes the three â€Å"perfect storm† dimensions of leaders, followers, and situational c ontext. Additionally, the mediating variable termed â€Å"critical incident† suggests that unethical leadership behavior is precipitated by a catalyzing thought, condition, intention

Film Noir to Neo Noir Free Essays

Murphy 1 Rachel Murphy Professor Charlotte E. Howell Film 2700 12 November 2012 Word Count: 1411 Film Noir to Neo-Noir: A Shift in Cultural Tides Film noir of the 1940s captivated audiences through its distinct form of storytelling. Strongly influenced by German Expressionism, these films have a definitive look and style that still resonates with modern audiences today. We will write a custom essay sample on Film Noir to Neo Noir or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like other classical Hollywood genres, film noir sought to bring to light tensions felt within society, namely those that affected men following World War II. Neo-noir films pay a great deal less attention to social commentary. Like film noir of the past, neo-noir elevates style over narrative; however, the genre has seen significant changes in regards to narrative, the disappearance of the femme fatale, and the prevalence of onscreen violence due to shifting cultural tides. In observing examples of film noir and its contemporary version, neo-noir, it is clear several elements in regards to the style and overall â€Å"feel† of these films have virtually remained the same throughout the years. In Nicolas Winding Refn’s neo-noir, Drive, a sense of otherworldliness is portrayed through several night scenes, intense shadows, and an overall dark rather downtrodden mood to the film. The scenes in the film take place at night and invariably in an urban setting. All of these elements are Murphy 2 extremely typical of classic film noir as well as German Expressionism. Drive’s narrative unfolds with surprisingly little dialogue. Instead Refn focused scenes on the mood, further strengthening the style of the film. Similarly, Curtis Hanson’s L. A. Confidential keeps with traditional film noir in elevating the style of the movie above its narrative. This is done through the heavy emphasis of the urban cityscape. As the title suggests, Los Angeles, is a major component within the film. The peppy, orange-filled paradise portrayal of L. A. in the film’s opening scene sharply contrasts the corrupt, crime-ridden town shown throughout the rest of the film. In addition, voice-overs and flashbacks, typical elements of film noir, are extensively used. The genre has seen great changes in regards to its social commentary, however. Noir films of the 1940s strongly reflected the social climate of the time. In several respects, film noir can be seen as the male equivalent to melodrama. Just as women dealt with the crisis of femininity in post-war years, men also struggled with their masculinity as well as adjusting to their new roles in an ever-changing society. After World War II, many Americans, especially men who had experienced the atrocities of war firsthand, took on a more cynical outlook on the world. Film noir of the 1940s sought to bring these feelings of isolation and changing attitudes to light. Like many men returning from the war, the heroes were disenchanted and often very isolated. In many respects, their fate is predetermined. In Tay Garnett’s The Postman Always Rings Twice, the audience gains a sense that John Garfield’s character, Frank’s, fate is already sealed as soon as he first plots, and eventually carries out the murder of Cora’s husband. This action clearly serves as a marker in the downward spiral of Frank’s life. Similarly, in Billy Wilder’s Murphy 3 Double Indemnity, Fred MacMurray’s character, Walter, irrevocably alters the course of his life when he gives in to Phyllis’s pleas to murder her husband. In both of these instances, the motivation behind this clearly immoral acts is lust. Both protagonists seem somewhat helpless against these forces. Both films also end with little doubt as to the fate of the protagonists. In The Postman Always Rings Twice, the film ends with Frank awaiting his punishment on death row. Similarly, Wilder’s Double Indemnity ends with Walter, critically injured from a gunshot wound inflicted by Phyllis, confessing his role in her husband’s murder. This clearly reflects upon the attitudes of males during the 1940s as helpless against the imposing forces of an oppressive society. Neo-noir films differ from their film noir counterparts because they are no longer reflective on social and cultural tensions. This is simply because the tension is not as widespread or heavily felt in today’s society. In the ending of Refn’s Drive, the nameless driver, though stabbed in the abdomen, clearly lives. It left up to the viewer to decide what kind of life he will lead in the future. In Hanson’s L. A. Confidential, the future of the city is somewhat unclear, but both protagonists in the film are met with at least somewhat happy endings. The male protagonists in neo-noir films are also much more strong-willed. Their actions, though at times extreme, are seen as justified to the viewer and made by the protagonist alone. Unlike earlier noir films, the protagonists are at least somewhat in control of their future. This turn within the genre clearly reflects changing attitudes within society, as the helplessness and isolation men felt after the war is no longer felt on such a large scale. Murphy 4 The influence of culture on the content of noir films is especially evident in the disappearance of femme fatale in neo-noir films. The 1940s marked a major shift in gender roles with the start of World War II. As men left for war, women took up jobs in the workforce and in factories in order to help with the war effort. This brought about a new sense of independence for women. When men returned home from the war, however, this shift was not necessarily seen in a positive light. The emergence of the femme fatale in film noir clearly reflects that in the eyes of men, women’s changing roles in society often presented a threat to perceived masculinity as well as established gender roles of the day. The femme fatale of noir films is invariably portrayed in a negative light. She is in most cases seen as the major driving force behind the protagonist’s tragic end. Furthermore, the protagonist is usually helpless against the advances of these women. Femme fatales, such as Cora in The Postman Always Rings Twice and Phyllis in Double Indemnity, are almost always met with an end even more bleak than that of the protagonist. In these two films, the femme fatales are both killed with little thought. Neo-noir films, however, approach female characters in a much more favorable light. The relationships between protagonists and these women are based on love, rather than mere lust. Thus, the actions of the protagonists appear often more justified. This can be accredited to the changing cultural tides since the 1940s. Women’s independence is generally no longer seen as a threat to male masculinity and thus is virtually extinct thematically in neo noir films. This is especially evident in Drive as well. The nameless driver’s love interest, Irene, is characterized by her innocence rather than her sexuality. Murphy 5 Even in L. A. Confidential, Lynn, a prostitute, has a relationship with one of the protagonists, however, the relationship is based on love rather than lust. Film noir arguably would not translate well to modern audiences if not for its integration of onscreen violence. Like German Expressionism, 1940s film noir drew a definitive reaction of discomfort and psychological unease from its audiences. In Double Indemnity, the scene in which Phyllis’s husband is murdered is brief and little is shown. The audience is shown only Phyllis’s cold, detached expression while her husband is murdered next to her in the passenger seat. In the 1940s, filmmakers didn’t necessarily need to show Phyllis’s husband being murdered in order to elicit a strong psychological reaction from audiences. With the abrogation of the Hay’s Code, however, audiences have become somewhat desensitized to the mere implication of violence. L. A. Confidential and Drive both use violence as a means of eliciting this same reaction. Perhaps the most memorable scene in Drive occurs in an elevator where the driver, in order to protect himself and Irene, not only kills a man, but proceeds to unleash all of his anger by stomping the man’s head into a gruesome, bloody pulp. In L. A. Confidential, numerous murder scenes and uncomfortable police interrogations illustrate how violence is now used in neo noir to elicit the strong emotional and psychological discomfort that typified 1940s noir. Certainly the strongest influence on the evolution of film noir has been societal and cultural changes throughout time. These changes have served, however, to maintain film noir’s relevance with contemporary audiences while still keeping with specific attention to the overall â€Å"feel† of the film and high level of stylization. How to cite Film Noir to Neo Noir, Essay examples

International Business The Globalization of Inequality

Question: Describe about the International Business for The Globalization of Inequality. Answer: Introduction A review of Trends and Perspectives of Globalization is done by the authors, Tiffany Bishop, John Reinke and Tommy Adams of Sam Houston State University in the Journal of International Business Research, in Volume 10, Number 1 of 2011 edition. The article Globalization: Trends and Perspectives seeks to address how the globalization has created drastic effects on the economy and trade policies, all across the world. The problem addressed in the review contains the brief history of globalization, the trends in the recent times and various perspectives on the globalization process. It also addresses the influence over the political status, technologies and transportation and other activities within a nation. The abstract clearly states that even though the internationalization has increased the transfer of capital, communication links, and importance of trade and trade policies; there has been an increase in the political challenges. The authors have provided proposals for the future that contains a set of rules to be placed, the way of handling political issues and prevention of globalization from making its way too further. Summary Critique The authors have presented the transformation and results of the globalization process since the past three decades. There has been an increase in internationalization, which has led to a need for increased rules and regulations in the economy. History The globalization started soon after the connections between humans and when there was trading done by the explorers of Europe. There was no rapid increase in the trade until the period of 1970 and 1980. It started with the improvement and evolution of technologies and liberalization of the policies of government. In addition, the International Monetary Fund and World Bank have helped countries to internationalize themselves to a greater extent. However, as per the present scenario, globalization process is declining and being at a standstill as per the current economic trends, which is discussed in the later parts of the journal. Trends of Globalization The noteworthy trends of globalization are discussed which are: Increase in the Technology and Transportation: Globalization has helped improvement in the availability of technologies and transportation facilities. Evolution in technologies has made the communication process healthy and efficient. The convenience in transport facilities has helped reduction in cost of transportation. The main growth stages between 1970 and 1993 noticed an increase of fifty percent mobilization in Europe. The convenience of transportation breaks the barriers between trades among various countries and helps in the marketing of technological activities. The digitalization has also helped the growth and development of the process of globalization. With the advent of the telecom industry, there has been an ease in the communication process. Meetings, e-mails and various other methods of exchanging informations has become easy and cost effective (Fujita and Thisse 2013). In the above point, the writers have focused on the effectiveness of the innovation in the technologies and transportation facilities. The convenience and cost effectiveness of transportation and communication is a major boon for a nation to enter and develop the globalization process. All the other writers are satisfied with the above stated points of the writers of this journal. They agree that the telecom and transport industry has become cost effective with the inclusion of numerous amounts of nations and participants (Montobbio and Sterzi 2013). So, there is no bias on the part of the writers and the content is easily understandable. Liberalization of Governmental Trade Policies: The authors have explained the major role of a government in setting up the standards and over viewing, the international trade structure. The capacity of the government to facilitate investments determines the likelihood of a companys globalization. The main role of the government consists of creation of an effective market structure through the incorporation of efficient business laws and corporate governance. It provides an effective marketplace for the allocation of resources and assets (Kovak 2013). For the growth of economy, the liberalization is much needed and required. The United States, in the recent years have increased the participation in the organization and a number of legislations were passed which intended to regulate the trade and financial aspects of a business enterprise (Pinheiro et al. 2014). The new regulations have made the trading more fluent, for the United Nations, as the new nations are able to make affordable products for the citizens of the country. According to the authors, to attain competitive advantage in the world of globalization, it is important for the countries to make an active participation in the agreements of trade (Hirst et al. 2015). Also, to achieve the benefits, the government should cover liberalism in both the developed and developing nations. The authors do believe that, for the increase in the worthiness of the stakeholders, financial capital must be exceeded in an organization (Pianta 2014). The main consideration of this point is to gain liberal policies and Governmental trade policies. The other writers have agreed to the consent of the writers. A writer says that the free flow of capital has lead to an explosion of greater technologies, trading and the financial markets (Buttel and Gould 2015). Thus, the writers are successful in proving their point of consideration as there are no rejections or disagreements on the part of the other authors and writers. Increase in the inequalities of nations The richer countries are getting wealthier and the poorer are continuing to grow poorer. Thus, the result of globalization has been an increase in the inequalities of nations and countries. As per the writers, a study provided the statistics, which mentioned that, the majority of the Gross domestic Product is controlled by just twenty percent of the worlds richest population and the other eighty percent controls only a minor amount. Also, about eighty two percent of the worlds exports are controlled by the richer sections of the population (Mah 2013). The writers are not satisfied and they predict the increase of commerce on a steady and active basis. A writer says that the globalization will not leave alone the poor countries, as there is a great reduction of borders of trade across the world. The reforms are helping the nations to integrate into the global world and reduce the inequalities between the nations already present in the global market (Jaumotte et al. 2013). As per the other writers, the developing countries have augmented the reduction of poverty and also enhanced the growth of the economic conditions and policies. Thus, the nations, which follow right and integrated policies, can definitely succeed from the globalization process. Thus, when developing countries gain knowledge about such growth and enhancement, they will not lag behind in joining the globalization policy (Kaplinsky 2013). This, is a disagreement on the part of the other directors, as the journal writers have complained about the inequalities created by the globalization, whereas, the other writers have supported the participation of developing and poorer companies, in globalization. A study also describes the factors, which creates a positive impact on the growth of the economy (Bourguignon 2015). The major point of discussion is that even though few researchers think the globalization procedure, a total failure towards attaining the developed structure, by the poorer countries; there are majority of researchers against such proposition placed. The countries must create stabilized market conditions by improving the human resources. This will enhance the quality of the organizational activities undertaken. Even, the governmental controls and needs must be effective towards the utilization of making policies and deliverance of the services of the public (Bourguignon 2015). In addition, the globalization creates benefits for all nations, which are involved together for the common goal and objective. Inequalities of Incomes between Citizens of A Single Nation Along with increase in the inequalities, arose the low income rate of the citizens which consisted, mainly the labor class. The rapid changes in the technological aspects have resulted in the loss of labor and thus, helped in spreading of inequality among the citizens. The poor people suffer the challenges of economy like, inflations, wage and salary rates divergence and many more. The unskilled workers are unable to secure their jobs and the lower skilled and efficient workers are facing the problems of unemployment. The individual incomes are unequal in comparison to the inter company incomes, on an average (Benera et al. 2015). The other writers do not agree and support the viewpoints, as there are positive aspects of globalization for the poorer group of people. There have been various reforms in the past, which had been undertaken in order to protect the poor from inflation and other harsh impacts of the economy (Milanovic 2016). Perspective of the non occurrence of Globalization The majority of the writers and researchers believe that the globalization has become stable and not occurring or growing anymore. Both the supporters and non supporters believe in the political policies and approach to be the reason of the non occurrence of globalization (Spiegel 2013). Reversibility of Globalization The writers believe that the globalization process has lead to both good and bad ideas incorporated within the economy. Bribery, poverty and inequalities has inculcated within the economy across the world, but also positive factors such as technological and medical discoveries has resulted in the societal improvement and development (Schneiderman 2013). Thus, the writers believe that the entire process would require huge modifications like the opportunity creation for everyone with equality, democratic state, and development in a sustainable form. There must be creation of fair rules and regulations along with greater responsibility on the shoulders of the citizens and other socio-economic policies (Chibba 2014). Hence, there was no bias on the part of the writers on the point of reversible globalization structure. Conclusion Thus, the above article proved to be useful in understanding the positive and negative impacts of the globalization act. Firstly, the increase in the technology and transportation facilities have lead to cost effectiveness, which has improved globalization process and policies among all the nations. The changes in the economic conditions and policies have created inequalities among the nations and within the nations, between the richer and lower class group of people. The various perspectives from different individuals have been summed up in the above paragraphs, wherein the reason of occurrence and non occurrence has been defined to be the results of governmental policies and regulations. Lastly, the writers have presented the affects of the globalization, both in a positive and negative manner and also the results incurred, which seems to be irreversible. To modify, a huge list has been defined by the writers, which has been expressed and described above. Thus, it can be concluded that the act of globalization had completely been involved in the transformation of the nations and businesses processes and policies. References Benera, L., Berik, G. and Floro, M., 2015.Gender, development and globalization: economics as if all people mattered. Routledge. Bourguignon, F., 2015.The globalization of inequality. Princeton University Press. Buttel, F.H. and Gould, K.A., 2015. Global social movement (s) at the crossroads: Some observations on the trajectory of the anti-corporate globalization movement.Journal of World-Systems Research,10(1), pp.37-66. Chibba, M., 2014. Globalization and international business as interdependent phenomena.Global Policy,5(4), pp.477-479. Fujita, M. and Thisse, J.F., 2013.Economics of agglomeration: cities, industrial location, and globalization. Cambridge university press. Hirst, P., Thompson, G. and Bromley, S., 2015.Globalization in question. John Wiley Sons. Jaumotte, F., Lall, S. and Papageorgiou, C., 2013. Rising income inequality: technology, or trade and financial globalization?.IMF Economic Review,61(2), pp.271-309. Kaplinsky, R., 2013.Globalization, poverty and inequality: Between a rock and a hard place. John Wiley Sons. Kovak, B.K., 2013. Regional effects of trade reform: What is the correct measure of liberalization?.The American Economic Review,103(5), pp.1960-1976. Mah, J.S., 2013. Globalization, decentralization and income inequality: The case of China.Economic Modelling,31, pp.653-658. Milanovic, B., 2016.Global inequality: A new approach for the age of globalization. Harvard University Press. Montobbio, F. and Sterzi, V., 2013. The globalization of technology in emerging markets: a gravity model on the determinants of international patent collaborations.World Development,44, pp.281-299. Pianta, M., 2014. Slowing Trade: Global Activism Against Trade Liberalization.Global Policy,5(2), pp.214-221. Pinheiro, D., Chwieroth, J.M. and Hicks, A., 2014. Do international non-governmental organizations inhibit globalization? The case of capital account liberalization in developing countries.European Journal of International Relations, p.1354066114523656. Schneiderman, D., 2013. 'Introduction'to Resisting Economic Globalization: Critical Theory and International Investment Law.Resisting Economic Globalization: Critical Theory and International Investment Law (Palgrave Macmillan 2013). Spiegel, J.M., Labonte, R. and Ostry, A.S., 2013. Understanding globalization as a determinant of health determinants: a critical perspective.International journal of occupational and environmental health.

My Other Half free essay sample

As a child I had another half , a friend named Larissa. We lived in the same home, attended the same educational facility from day care to elementary. I saw her as someone who would be with me forever despite the fact that we had different families. But an incident occurred that began to separate us. My cousin came over to play with us for the weekend. My cousin criticized my her for being selfish. When Larissa joined us in the tent I saw the faults when we argued for the first time. This began our battle against society. Looking back, elementary was a roller coaster. I felt more separated when my parents moved .We went to the same school but had different classes. I made friends and she had hers. Recess and after school was our only time together. I was satisfied with her but my friends were not. They saw the flaws I could not until they told me. We will write a custom essay sample on My Other Half or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her personality bothered people . Still I treated her as my sister and because of that people began to see me as her. But I always told myself I was my own indivisual. I stood with Larissa because I knew her best and she knew me. Even though we quarreled, at the end of the day she was still like family. But things changed in fifth grade. I got invited to parties, and more friends. Soon I was part of the as what I thought at the time popular kids. The gap between my best friend and I grew wider as if huge wall blocked us from being together. To avoid eye conact with my friend filled my heart with guilt and dispear. Was this who I am or what I even want to be? I had no one to tell my dark secrets to or share each other belongings. I didnt undertand how I could have so much friends yet feel so lonely. At I felt horrible and empty like I was missing a part of me. My favorite shows Kim possible was the only show I watched repeatedly. As I was watching my heroic character I began to relate myself as Kim. She was friends with a person who everyone looked down on. She was not influenced by what others said because she knew her friend. No matter what, she was there. I swore a spotlight was on me with people pointing and laughing because I felt foolish. I was a idiot played by peoples words. Even though I tried to ignore peoples criticism, in the end their words won and turned me against her. Instead of sticking up for my beloved friend , I ignored her. Kim accepted flaws and thats exactly what I wanted to do; She was who I wanted to be. The next day I apologized and of course she cried. I was relieved and we grew closer than ever. Kim possible influenced me and helped me accept people for them and not what I heard about them. Words influenced me at first but Kim influenced me for the better. My other half was once again by my side. My Other Half free essay sample When I was younger, I would always ask to hear the same bedtime story. It was about a young man who was born and raised in Italy, and a young woman who was born and raised in New York. The girl was ecstatic because her and her friends had just booked a flight to go to Greece. Their first night in Greece, the girl went to a local restaurant with all of her friends and upon her arrival, she took notice in a gentleman who was sitting at a nearby table with all of his friends. The girl turned to her best friend and said, â€Å"That is the guy I want to marry.† The girl’s best friend strut across the restaurant and went up to the guy and asked him what his name was, but she noticed that he could barely understand her and that he did not speak English. We will write a custom essay sample on My Other Half or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The guy was able to say the basics; what his name was, where he lived, and the names of his friends that he was sitting with. The guy was from Naples, Italy and he was curiousto discover the interested girl’s name. Her name was Marion and his name was Emiliano. Marion sat down next to Emiliano and they attempted to break the language barrier and essentially sat together the entire dinner. For the rest of their vacation,they spent every second together. When it was time for them to return to their respective countries which were six thousand miles apart, they promised each other they would talk on the phone and write each other all the time. They kept their promise and somehow conquered the long distance and language hindrance. Marion was a school teacher so on her weekends she would fly to Italy just to be with Emiliano. After years of long distance, Marion and Emiliano got married. This is the story of how my parents met. I now know that I am so fortunate to say that I have both an Italian and an American culture, but when I was younger, I found it was extremely difficult for me to have a relationship with my cousins, uncles, aunts, and especially my grandmother because of the language barrier. Having half of my family on the other side of the world left me feeling incomplete and lost many times in my life, but as I matured and got older, I was able to find the missing piece; I knew that I wanted to explore and further my Italian culture. I visit Italy most summers, and every single time I arrive, I never want to leave. Just seeing all of little restaurants, beautifully sculpted churches, vespas parked on every block of the stone roads, and the ornate buildings makes me feel at home. There is something about traveling and about getting to see how different places thrive that excites me. I live for the times where I can see different cultures colliding and coexisting, because knowing that despite all the diversity in cultures, we as humans are able to look beyond and accept other culture’s practices. The pure history, food, religion, festivals, and people around the world are all so different compared to America and I know that I will want to adventure to foreign countries just so that I can experience them all. College is the place for me because I know I want to study and explore other cultures that aren’t just Italian and American. Knowing diversity and the different practices within a cultural group is something that interests me. When I was younger, I used to dislike missing the entire summer with my friends to go to Italy, but now, I came to the realization of how lucky and special my annual vacation really was. College is filled with diverse cultures and I want to broaden my horizons by absorbing the customs of others. My bedtime story started out with two people who defied odds, were determined, and were not afraid to know other cultures and I know I want to be just like that.

Defending the Mockingbird Essay Example

Defending the Mockingbird Essay Example Defending the Mockingbird Essay Defending the Mockingbird Essay Many people from the town of Maycomb have gathered at the town’s courthouse to witness the trial of the poor, laborsome woman, Mayella Ewell, and the hard-working African-American man who allegedly raped and beat Ms. Ewell, Tom Robinson.Because Tom was accused of the crime, Atticus Finch, his attorney, played a key role in defending him throughout the trial. Tom Robinson was prosecuted and seen guilty in a court of law, but the jury’s perception of his race had a major influence on their decision to convict him of the crime. During the 1930’s, racism was a major belief in the everyday lives of white Americans. Though the U.S. Constitution states that all men are created equal, the opinion that whites and blacks should still be segregated flourished throughout this time period. Even with society expressing hatred upon Atticus and his family, he still felt obligated to defend Tom Robinson to the best of his ability. With the use of rhetorical appeals, rhetorical de vices, and diction throughout the trial, Atticus was able to strengthen his argument and influence the jury to make a long, hard, thought-out verdict. Atticus appeals to logic and credibility with the use of logos and ethos within his argument. He is able to comprehend and think thoroughly about what has happened to Ms. Ewell. Using the appeal of logos, Atticus is able to come to the conclusion that, â€Å"there is circumstantial evidence to indicate that Mayella Ewell was beaten savagely by someone who led almost exclusively with his leftand Tom Robinson now sits before you, having taken the oath with the only good hand he possesses- his right hand† (Lee 272). He explains to the jury that the accusation of Tom Robinson is false, and he proves that there is no reasonable explanation as to how Tom could have committed the crime. He is also able to execute his defense to a much of a greater extent by quoting a phrase from one of the most credible sources of all time. By

Mathematics Learning Disability Speech or Presentation

Mathematics Learning Disability - Speech or Presentation Example The facts comprise of basic computation such as (4+5=9 or 6x4=24), which students require putting out in memory in their earliest levels of elementary school. It is critical to remember these ideas since it permits a student to approach the most advanced thinking of mathematics without bogging down easy calculations. Secondly, many students have computation weaknesses. Various students, despite a good understanding of concepts of mathematics, are not consistence at computing. They always make errors since they misread the signs and symbols or carry most numbers incorrectly, or might not write numerals in the correct column or clearly enough. The same learners always struggle, specifically in primary school, in which basic computation and correct answers are stressed. This makes them end up in the remedial lessons, even if they may be having top levels of ability of the greater level of mathematical thinking. Furthermore, many learners have incomplete of getting the language of mathematics. These students might also face reading, speaking and writing difficulties. In mathematics, however, their problem of language is as a result of hard terminology, many of which they have never heard anywhere outside the mathematics classroom. These learners have difficulty in understanding verbal or written directions or explanations. They also find word problems particularly difficulty to translate. Lastly, a far commonly seen the problem and the most severe may be the inability of the individual be able to visualize the ideas of math effectively. Learners who have the problem cannot judge the size in dissimilar items. This disorder disadvantages students since it needs the learners to rely on rote memorization of both written and spoken description of mathematical concepts, which are taken by people for granted. Many math problems require learners to use high order mental cognition using skills of perception, for example, to find the shape that will result after rotating a complex.

Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paper 2 - Essay Example Secondly, I support the civil rights movement, because its leaders including Martin Luther King Jr. acknowledged the importance of integrating the leadership of whites and that of blacks, among other minority groups (Taylor 156). Their view was opposed to the Black Nationalism’s goal of displacing and the revolting against the entre leadership system held by the white people. Through this letter, I will communicate the different reasons, and the critical areas that compelled me to decline the opportunity of working with the OAAU; instead, am in favor of the outlook of the civil rights movement. The first reason as to why I decline the invitation to work with OAAU is that all through the years between 1953 and 1965, despite the efforts of the members of the civil rights movement, the followers of Black Nationalism took an opposite trajectory (Reed 151-155). ... From the outlook that the entire array of Western culture phenomena was based on prejudice and hypocrisy was faulty, mainly because the integration of the black people into the mainstream society would offer them access to platforms for causing change. For example, at the time, very few black people had considerable education; therefore their chances of taking leadership positions were very minimal (Cone 134). The negative outlook of the Black Nationalist movement, which houses the OAAU, is evident from the decrees of Malcolm X, who held that the control of justice, taking center-stage in economics and separatism were the only options that would change the racist situation in the American society. However, Malcolm had little thought of the economic infrastructures that they would use to remain independent; many blacks were not educated to levels that would guarantee effective leadership and he did not regard whether separatism would affect the black society positively or negatively ( Cone 134). Second evidence that Malcolm X’s organization does not offer the better option to the problems facing the black people is that, he believed that violence was the only channel, through which social change could take place; he believed that nonviolence was the philosophy of the fool (Taylor 156). However, it is necessary to note that violence has not yielded positive effects in the past, further; using violence could affect minority groups like the blacks negatively. The third evidence is that the institution of ethical values, developing their own society and setting self-help groups was likely to alienate the black people, from the mainstream economy, noting that they were not the majority. The second

Research methods (surveys of work on exit strategies for business Essay

Research methods (surveys of work on exit strategies for business tenants) - Essay Example Different set of questionnaire were sent to tenants, landlords, solicitors and letting agents. The survey of the landlords, letting agents and solicitors were framed as representing an investigation into their overall activity rather than transaction specific questions. In the case of property research a mixed method of analysis of secondary data and survey and questionnaire method is often employed to conduct the research. Through the analysis of the secondary data the research would be able to get the numerical data for the completion of the empirical studies relating to the study, while the interviews and surveys bring out the qualitative aspects of the subject under study. In property researches meaningful results can be obtained only when the researcher combines quantitative data and qualitative information in his studies. In order to achieve the research objectives of ascertaining the impact of quantitative variations and to identify the salient features of different market mechanisms on the impact of the subject under study the adoption of mixed research methods is the appropriate suggestion. For instance in the study Corsby et al (2006) the interviews and surveys combined with the data provided by IPD made the research meaningful and gave precise answers to the research questions. Property Research Studies are not only used for Instrumental purposes to Underpin policy, but should also have a Normative Purpose Basically a clear and concise knowledge of the ontological and epistemological assumptions that explain the research studies and the process of research is necessary to (i) understand the interrelationship of research methodology and methods, (ii) avoid the resulting confusion on discussions relating to theoretical debates and approaches to social phenomena and (iii) be able to have a complete recognition of one's own and also others' position with respect to the issues related to the study (Jonathan Grix). The achieving of the above objectives along with the other objective of fully grasping the directional relationship of key components of the research process logically substantiates the view that the research studies are to have a normative purpose in addition to the instrumental purpose. It is important that the research studies encompass a normative approach so that the logical, directional relationship between the key components of research is clearly understood. Unless the normative purpose is taken into account, the quantitative data may not show the impact and influence of the questions the researcher is asking and also the type of project the research has undertaken to study. It is also not possible that a research may begin with the inference on any of the quantitative data at any stage. The researcher cannot first choose the research method and work backwards through the methodology to achieve his/her research objectives. By taking into account the normative purpose the researcher is allowed to follow a method-led approach to the research study than a question-led research. This makes the research questions point towards the most fitting research method. Unless a normative approach is followed the logic of interconnectedness between the key

Bowstring Effect for Cervical Angina

Bowstring Effect for Cervical Angina Bowstring effect of longus colli secondary to Luschkas  joint  hyperplasiaa potential factor contributing tocervical angina Running title: Bowstring effect for cervical angina Highlights: Thirty-eight patients affected by cervical vertebra disease were involved. All the patients in Group cervical angina relieved syndromes after operation. Bowstring effect of longus colli might be a factor contributing to cervical angina. Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate Luschkas joint hyperplasia and homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy and explore their role in cervical angina (CA) pathogenesis. Materials and Methods: After informed consent, 38 patients affected by cervical vertebra disease were included. Of these, 19 cervical angina patients were included as Group CA. As amatchedcontrol group (Group C), another 19 patients were included. All Patients were maintained under general anesthesia and underwent anterior cervical fusion surgeries. The degree of Luschkasjointhyperplasia and homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy were evaluated using Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores (JOA) score, Neck Disability Index (NDI) score, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score, and radiological parameters were also evaluated. Results: There was no significant difference in Cobb’s Angel, Sum ROM and Segment ROM between two groups. The osteophyte area of Luschka joint in Group CA was higher than that in Group C. The musculuslonguscolli area of the pathological cord segment in Group CA was lower than that in Group C. All the patients in Group CA relieved syndromes after operation, and there was no recurrence in follow-up. JOA score increased, while NDI score and VAS score decreased after operation in both two groups (P Conclusion: Anterior cervical surgery could effectively improve the symptoms of CA. Luschkasjointhyperplasia could result in bowstring effect of longus colli, which might be a pathogenic factor of CA. Evaluating the degree of Luschkasjointhyperplasia might assist in the diagnosis of CA. Keywords: cervical angina; bowstring effect; Luschkasjointhyperplasia; pathogenesis Introduction Chest pain is a frequent complaint in the Emergency Department (ED) in the world 1. Each year, more than 7 million patients present to EDs with chest pain 2. Only 20% to 25% of patients with acute chest pain will actually have acute coronary syndrome 3-5. Cervical angina (CA) is one potential cause of noncardiac chest pain being overlooked 6. It is defined as chest pain resembling true cardiac angina but originating from disorders of the cervical spine 7.Oille 8 firstly described the symptom in patients with chest pain of cervical nerve root origin. According to the Jacobs’s study 9, common manifestations associated with CA included arm and neck pain, upper arm radicular symptoms and fatigue, parasternal tenderness and occipital headache 10. Patients should be well aware of this presentation in their clinical examinations, unfortunately and in fact, a number of patients still appear to be diagnosed as coronary artery disease, and thus undergo unnecessary medications 10. Generally, CA originates from a cervical discopathy with nerve root compression 11,12. The pathogenesis of cervical angina can be explained by the fact that cervical neural roots from C4 to C8 contribute to the sensory and motor innervations associated with ante rior chest pain, and patients with true cervical angina are more likely to have disease at the C6 and/or C7 level 12. Some reports have indicated that anterior cervical surgery to correct nerve root or spinal cord compression might be a useful measure for CA 7. However, the diagnosis of cervical angina remains unresolved. The present study evaluated the degree of Luschkasjointhyperplasia and homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy of 38 cases of cervical vertebra disease using Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS), and aimed to explore their role in CA pathogenesis. Materials and methods Subjects Between June 2008 and June 2013, a total of 553 patients who underwent anterior cervical fusion surgeries enrolled the match-paired retrospective cohort study. Reviewing the clinical charts in retrospect, 489 patients had presented with complete follow-up (more than 12 months) data. Of these, 19 cervical angina patients were included as group cervical angina (Group CA). As amatchedcontrol group (Group C), another 19 patients were included according to age, gender, weight, most pathological cord segment, the number of pathological segment, the MRI high T2 signal and complications of Group CA. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) have cervical angina as their primary complaint; (2) consent to the standardized evaluation program at the cervical angina clinic 13. The exclusion criteria were as follows:(1) malignant disease; (2) cervical infection (specific/non-specific) or inflammatory joint disease; (3) cervical spine traum; (4) severe osteoporosis; (5)combined with heart disease. Surgical Technique All Patients were induced and maintained under general anesthesia. All surgeries were performed by one surgeon using as described previously 14-16. A right-side oblique incision was pursued for the anterior cervical spine, followed by Robinson’s anterior decompression and inter body fusion or subtotal spondylectomy with autologous iliac bone grafting. In ossified posterior longitudinal ligament, the essential technique was resection of the ossified plaque anteriorly with complete decompression of the spinal cord 16. The surgery was approved by local Ethical Committee and was performed in accordance with the ethical standards. All patients gave their informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study. Postoperative treatment Postoperative patients were treated with intravenous antibiotics for 3 days, and then replaced with oral antibiotics as anti-inflammatory therapy. The drainage tube and drainage fluid properties were carefully monitored, and cerebrospinal fluid leakage and neck hematoma were timely treated. The drainage tube was pulled up 24 hours after operation. Dehydrating agent was used to relieve reactive oedema caused by spinal cord decompression. Small dose of hormone therapy was employed for three days. Cervical X ray films were needed after operation, and a neck collar was fixed for six weeks. Follow-up exam was scheduled for more than 12 months. Detection index and postoperative evaluation CT (SIENMENS SOMATOM sensation cardiac 64, 120 kV, 300 mA, slicethickness: 1 mm, reconstruction slice: 1 mm, C1-T1) and MRI were performed in all patients. For MRI, T1- and T2-weighted images in at least two planes (in most cases a sagittal and an axial slice, Figure 1) were obtained from each patient. The Cobb’s Angel, Sum ROM, Segment ROM, Area of LJO and Area of LC were measured through X-ray filter, CT scan and MRI by two independent orthopedic surgeon 17. Disease-specific clinical data one week preoperatively and postoperatively collected measures included modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores (JOA) score, Neck Disability Index (NDI) score, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score 18. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed usingSPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous data are reported as means  ± standard deviation (SD). Paired t tests were used for comparing paired variables in the same vertebrae. Value of P Results Subjects’ characteristics Table 1 showed the characteristics of the included 38 patients. There was no difference in age, gender, weight and the number of pathological cord segment between Group CA (n=19) and Group C (n=19). There were 11 cases whose pathological cord segment located in C5/6, 8 cases in C6/7, 4 cases in single segment and 12 cases in 2 segments in both two groups. The median follow-up were 38.42  ± 15.06 months and 33.32  ± 12.69 months in Group CA and Group C, respectively. Clinical presentation before and after surgical treatment As shown in Table 2, there was no significant difference in Cobb’s Angel, Sum ROM and Segment ROM between the two groups. The osteophyte area of Luschka joint were 11.14  ± 4.11 mm2 and 9.56  ± 3.49 mm2 in left and right respectively of Group CA, which were 6.1  ± 2.19 mm2 (P 2 (P = 0.002) higher than those in Group C. The musculuslonguscolli area of the pathological cord segment were 51.56  ± 14.79mm2 and 58.58  ± 13.98 mm2 in left and right respectively of Group CA, which were 4.83  ± 13.43 mm2 (P 2 (P = 0.001à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °lower than those in Group C. The osteophyte area of Luschka joint in left of Group CA was higher than that in right, and the homolateral musculuslonguscolli area of the pathological cord segment was lower than contralateral area, while the differences were not statisticallysignificant. All the patients in Group CA relieved syndromes after operation, and there was no recurrence in follow-up. JOA score increased from 9.42  ± 1.86 to 12.89  ± 1.91 (P ) after operation in Group CA and increased from 9.42  ± 1.86 to 12.68  ± 1.89 (P (P P P > 0.05). VAS score decreased from 5.89  ± 5.89 to 2.63  ± 1.07 (P P P Discussion The current match-paired retrospective cohort study evaluated the degree of Luschkasjointhyperplasia and homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy in 38 patients with cervical spine disease using JOA Scores, NDI, VAS scores and radiological parameters. The results showed that there was no significant difference in Cobb’s Angel, Sum ROM and Segment ROM between two groups (P Group C. The musculuslonguscolli area of the pathological cord segment in both left and right of Group CA were lower than those in Group C. All the patients in Group CA relieved syndromes after operation, and there was no recurrence in follow-up. JOA score increased, NDI score and VAS score decreased after operation in both Group CA and Group C (P P musculuslonguscolli atrophy might assist in the diagnosis of CA. Luschkasjointhyperplasia could result in homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy and bowstring effect, which might be a pathogenic factor of CA. Anterior cervical surgery could effectivelyimprove the symptoms of CA, while the subjective standards such as JOA could not well display the severity of the CA. CA, a noncardiac chest pain, is the most common pathological condition underlying pseudoangina 10. The mechanisms of pain production in cervical angina have been a matter of considerable speculation 19. Cervical spine disorders may often be present with pain in the upper anterior chest and scapular areas, resembling true angina pectoris 20. Some studies have suggested that pain in CA is a radicular pain, secondary to root compression by a herniated disk, osteoarthritic spurs, or compression in a narrow intervertebral foramen 21. While other studies have speculated that the referred pain may be caused by painful foci in the neck caused by factors such as disk degeneration, facet syndrome, or anterior or posterior longitudinal ligaments 22. Besides, some cervical angina is myelopathic pain 23. However, more and more investigators believe that CA is mediated through the sympathetic nervous system. The present study found 19 cases of CA, accounting for 3.8% of the surgical patients at the same period, which is similar to the scale of Nakajima 10. Among the 19 patients, 11 cases pained in the praecordia and accompanied by sweating, 5 cases pained in interscapular region and 3 cases pained in epigastrium. There were paroxysmal and continuous. It was worth mentioning that the preoperative JOA score was significantly higher in Group CA than that in Group CA, while there was no significant difference in JOA score and improvement rate between the two groups. JOA could only reflect the onset of the sensorimotor function and bladder function but not reflect the severity of the chest pain. The results found that the preoperative neurological function of Group CA was better than Group C, while the improvement rate of JOA period was lower than Group C. CA appears to be relatively unknown clinical syndrome compared with other angina. Prompt and accurate diagnosis requires a strong sense of suspicion in patients with inadequately explained chest pain. Routine MRI examination, or even if myelopathy is suspected, is insufficiently informative for the functional assessment of CA, a number of patients even appear to be diagnosed as coronary artery disease. Nine cases of patients were diagnosed in Department of Cardiology in the present study, and the other 10 cases presented chest pain without abnormal T wave, while the cervical spine MRI found definite compression of the spinal cord. All the 19 patients in Group CA relieved pain syndromes after cervical vertebra surgery, which proved the diagnosis of CA. It is necessary to indicate some limitations of this study. Firstly, as a match-paired retrospective cohort study, it was different to do completely same on the CA diagnostic criteria. Besides, although the population was highly selected according to the standards of match-paired retrospective cohort study, the patient sample was small, which would have caused selection bias.Furthermore, the osteophyte area of hyperplasia and the area of musculus longus colli were detected on MRI and CT respectively, and it was difficult to insure the same plane. Therefore, larger randomized studies and longer long-term studies are needed to evaluate the role of Luschkasjointhyperplasia and homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy in the medical and surgical management of CA. In summary, the present data suggested that evaluating the degree of Luschkasjointhyperplasia and homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy might assist in diagnosis of CA. Luschkasjointhyperplasia could result in homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy and bowstring effect, which might be a pathogenic factor of CA. Anterior cervical surgery could effectively improve the symptoms of CA, while the subjective standards such as JOA could not display the severity of the CA. Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population CA, cervical angina Table 2 Image Examination of the Study Population Table 3 Function Scores of the Study Population JOA, Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores score; NDI, Neck Disability Index score; VAS, Visual Analog Scale score Figure legends Figure 1 Area measuring of Luschkasjointhyperplasia and homolateral musculuslonguscolli atrophy A. targeting for biggest hyperplasia slice on CT axial; B area measuring of musculuslonguscolli according A. Figure 2 Comparation between two groups in subjective scores, * statistically significant. 1

ECN paper :: essays research papers

The upcoming presidential election of 2004 could prove to be the most vital in our nation’s history. Therefore, every issue is of importance; however, this paper will focus on George Bush and John Kerry from a non-partisan standpoint, and which candidate would be better for our economy. The economy is always changing, causing recessions as well as periods of growth for our country. However, each candidate is inclined to think he has the right answer or direction. Before deciding who gets your vote, there are various economic issues that must carefully be examined and taken into account when accessing each candidate. After reading these articles, I became aware of strengths and weaknesses for both candidates. Business Week stated that the Republicans have it wrong on jobs and the unemployment rate. The unemployment rate should be higher, because the numbers of discouraged workers who were once in the labor force or are currently seeking employment are not being counted, therefore causing the job creation numbers to appear higher than they actually are. The Democrats are wrong about unemployment itself stating that outsourcing is the main reason for slow job growth in the past few years. Of the nearly three million jobs in our economy only 300,000 have been from outsourcing. (Forrester Research Inc.) In fact, the outsourcing of certain computer equipment to Asia in the 90’s lowered computer prices for our country and helped spread a technological revolution in some places never thought possible. After reviewing these articles I gathered that our economy is steadily on the rise under the leadership of George Bush. This President has dealt with a terrorist attack on our country, as well as war, high energy and oil prices, plus a devastating hurricane season. Despite all of these problems, the Gross Domestic Product and national income are rising and looking stronger. Inflation is also slowing down, while our spending is increasing. Our economy according to Glenn Hubbard in Business Week has rebounded, and the 4.8% growth in Real Gross Domestic Product over the past 12 months is faster than in any such period during the Clinton years. This Jefferson 2 growth in the economy does not mean that there are no jobs lost. However, job losses are a result of changes in buying patterns and corporations who reorganize. John Kerry has spoken several times regarding "the middle class squeeze" and the tax breaks for the wealthiest 1% of Americans.

The Hijacking of Food and Farm Policy

Diet For a Small Planet, that I made my way from Vermont to California to volunteer for her Institute for Food and Development Policy, also known as Food First. There has been a lot to celebrate since then. In every corner of the country, demand for locally and sustainable grown food is rising, with farmers and ranchers growing more chemical-free, healthier food for our nation's schools, universities, restaurants and supermarkets.Since 2005 the number of farmers markets has doubled, with more than 8000 markets open for business round the country. New local ownership and distribution structures are popping up everywhere, including more than 200 food hubs that are working in innovative ways to get more local, sustainable food to market. More than 180 local food policy councils are transforming food systems from the bottom up. The organic sector, with more and organic acreage has been growing steadily In recent years.More Information on these Impressive trends can be found In the slides that I presented during my keynote speech to the Women Food and Agriculture Network Conference in Iowa earlier this month to a wonderful crowd of mostly women farmers, landowners and loathe food system advocates. As great as these accomplishments are, the tens of thousands of projects and farms that are building a healthier, more sustainable food system around the country cannot grow quickly enough to counteract the tremendous damage to public health and the environment caused by the existing profit-driven Industrial food system.Two key messages In Lap ©'s book remain more relevant today than ever. The first?and the basis for my lifelong commitment to eating low on the food chain— is that it is inefficient and resource-intensive to rely on meat as our primary rotten source. It is clear that we cannot solve our global water, energy, climate change and public health challenges without changing how we produce meat and drastically reducing how much of it we eat.While we still have a long way to go, we are making slow but steady progress in reducing Americans' meat consumption?which is down four years in a row?mostly driven by consumers' concern for health and animal welfare. Yet It's clear that we wont achieve the far-reaching reforms needed to Improve the way produce feed and raise animals?until we fix the bigger problem plaguing our DOD system?a problem that struck me as the second and most important message not caused by scarcity of food but scarcity of democracy.Nearly forty years later, the lack of democracy not only continues to be a fundamental cause of hunger, but also a source of many other serious problems in our food system. Big food and industrial farming interests are hijacking our democracy and public policy at a huge cost to public health and the environment. And sadly, the Obama administration is complicit in this hijacking scheme.On several fronts, the administration is ignoring civil society calls for reform on several fronts and is giv ing rarity to industry financial interests over those of public health, the environment and welfare of animals, workers and consumers. Despite a clear and compelling need, it has failed to ban antibiotic use in well animals, pass effective factory farm regulations, or enact federal labeling and stricter regulation of genetically engineered food. No recent example of the administration's failure to put the public interest ahead corporate interests is clearer than the U.S. Department of Agriculture's proposed poultry rule. This rule would reduce the number of USDA inspectors in poultry acclivities by 75 percent, accelerate assembly lines pace to 175 birds per minute and intensify the use of toxic chemicals to clean the birds being processed. Who profits from this appalling proposal? No surprise there. As Tom Philter reported in Mother Jones magazine, Tyson, Pilgrim's Pride, Purdue, and Sanderson, the nation's leading poultry companies, stand to gain more than $1 billion over the next 5 years.As well, Congressional lawmakers are ignoring the public interest as they hash out a farm bill that will continue to give away billions to wealthy, profitable farms and agribusiness while slashing programs that promote nutrition, conservation, healthy food and organic agriculture. Because the good food movement lacks political muscle, there is far too little investment and effective federal policy to support?and help scale up good food projects and organic farming.And because big food and industrial agriculture companies have so much power, the federal government has too many bad policies that are doing far too much to support and enshrine the status quo, making it harder for sustainable agriculture to compete. The proposed farm bill is a perfect case in point. The bill currently being negotiated n conference committee would channel more than $13 billion a year to support and promote chemical-intensive, diversity-destroying monocots that mostly provide feed for animals and v ehicle fuel, with less than $200 million annually going to support local and organic diversified agriculture.The dominance of corporate and large-scale commodity interests in our political system is nothing new?but as the economic power of these industries has become more concentrated, their political clout has grown stronger, and the consequences, Just recently, the Center for a Livable Future at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health published an in-depth analysis to assess the status of industrial farming five years after the publication of the seminal Pew Commission Report on Industrial Farm Animal Production.It found that the problems have actually gotten a lot worse. When Civil Eats asked Ralph Logics, an author of the Pew Commission report, to explain the lack of progress, he blamed † the overwhelming influence and power of the animal gag industry†¦ Whether it's affecting members of Congress, whether it's denting and nearly breaking the regulatory process, or whether it's too much influence over academics. Everywhere you look there's too much influence by the industry. In order to counteract that influence and put the public interest back into policy- making, the good food movement must channel more of the energy it devotes to building a healthy food system into blunting the power of industrial agriculture and building a healthier democracy. Otherwise, we will fail to make our vision for a healthy, Just and sustainable food system a reality for everyone. Stay tuned for Part 2, in which I explore the steps that are needed to blunt the power of industrial gag and build greater food democracy.

Need Motivation Enter a Writing Contest

Need Motivation Enter a Writing Contest The most assiduous writer comes face to face with writers block occasionally. The hand tires of embellishing the 59th promotional copy for Kirks Paving and Tiling Solutions Ltd, the soul wearies of deconstructing the 16th time Joe Hero battles sundry demons. Creative juices dry up, creative muses leave the building, inspiration imitates a certain 1985 DeLorean and vanishes in a puff of smoke, leaving behind only the dusty smoldering ashes of a burned-out freelancer or novelist. So you seek a jump-start. Because you are a writer, and write you must. Disregard everything vague youve ever heard about writing competitions. Oh, tts just a lottery . . . mumble . . . Â  mumble . . . What? Dont let the fear of scams and swindlers hold you back. Not all contests are created the same. As long as youve done your homework Here are seven solid reasons why participating in a writing contest could be the smartest move you make for your freelance career this year: 1. That winning feeling . . . is such a confidence booster! The high you get when your work is acknowledged to be better than others is a kick like no other. Drugs couldnt do it justice. Its like orgasming on words. Reluctant to approach that high-profile agent with your debut manuscript? To hell with hesitation! Drunk on your contest success, you can achieve anything. 2. The tangible benefits . . . include cold hard cash, certificates, trophies and merchandise. That fresh brew definitely smells and tastes better in your new winners coffee mug. 3. The reverberations . . . can range from a hooked agent and a baited publisher, to a public reading, a slew of interested offers of representation, an invitation to a residency, a place on a coveted workshop or course program, an interview on the local radio show, and ultimately a shiny new book on the shelf with your name on it. The effects of winning a contest can be far-reaching and long-lasting. That writers conference youve been requested to attend as a finalist? Guess who will be first in line to pitch their new book to a host of agents and publishers also in attendance? You, thats who. 4. The street cred . . . establishes your bonafides irrevocably. Call it platform or portfolio, you earn the title of serious writer. You increase readership, build relationships, gain prestige. A glowing testimonial from an impressed editor can add stars to your limelight. An eager advertiser keen to give you his dollars can raise your game to a whole new business stratosphere. More exposure equals more sales. 5. The practical advantages . . . are not far behind. Submitting exclusively to a contest at a time allows you to rest a piece, and review it with fresh eyes later and make improvements. Working under a tight deadline, to a strict word limit, can hone your self-editing skills to a fine razor-edge, allowing you to cull words and cauterize verbiage at a moments notice. Â  All that practice makes perfect. Save on hiring editing services much? 6. The feedback . . . from judges can be invaluable. You can revise a short story all the way into a novel. A well-analyzed critique from a respected and experienced doyen of the literary industry is worth its weight in entry fees. 7. The motivation . . . obligingly returns. Ideas come flocking back in droves when youre presented with a theme, prompt or topical challenge. Writers block, begone! So the next time you feel like putting up an Out of Order sign on your minds doorstep and fleeing the whole sorry scene, stop writing. Start competing instead.

Interior Design Indian Art, Craft and Color

Interior Design Indian Art, Craft and Color The Indian culture of using art and craft to decorate the interior aspects of buildings such as palaces, temples, royal houses and residences of the wealthy and noble individuals is an old practice but continues to thrive in the modern world (Barnard 13).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Interior Design: Indian Art, Craft and Color specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The aesthetic quality of color, patterns and craftwork used in traditional Indian cultures explain why the style is still popular in the modern context. The purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive analysis of Indian art, craft and color as used in interior design. In particular, the paper explores the Rajasthan style, one of the oldest and popular Indian arts culture. The Rajasthan arts culture is widely known for its colorful, lively and attractive characteristics. It originates from the state of Rajasthan, which explains the name of th e arts culture (Dongerkery 29). Among the Rajasthan artworks developed for the interior parts of buildings include Rajasthani murals developed through painting. Embossing is an important artistic style used in developing Rajasthani Murals (Barnard 18). In addition, the Royal Rajput family has played a significant role in maintaining the craft and art industry in India. For instance, fabric colorations and embellishment, painting and interior decorations as well as making of puppets are important aspects of the Rajput arts culture. The Rajsasthani interior design The Rajasthani paintings are generally mural works that give an enthusiastic and embossed artwork to the interior design of various houses in India. In the paintings, the base of the artworks is either canvas board or ply board. Ply boards must undergo a number of processes to ensure that it fits the work. For instance, the surface is coated with wood primer for a number of times to achieve a smooth surface finishing. Then, the artists draw a sketch on the wood or ply surface. In particular, the artists apply relief work on the portions of the main drawing. For example, trees and bushes in a background are developed through embossing (Edwards 66). A mixture of ceramic and powder/glue is one of the main artistic styles used to decorate the interior of the buildings. To develop this mixture, it is necessary for the artists to make soft dough made from a mixture of ceramic powder and glue. The mixture is then used to make a number of shapes of the relief work depending on the designs set for embossing.Advertising Looking for research paper on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Coloring is a major aspect of the Rajasthan artworks. In fact, all the artworks must be colored to achieve the desired finishing. First, it is necessary to color the background. Any scenery in the background must be completely colored. Then, the artist colors all t he objects closer to the foreground. A number of colors are applied in these artworks. The type of color depends on the objects on the scenery. For instance, bright colors are used to finish dresses. In addition, Rajasthani paintings use bright combination of colors. Moreover, the skin portions are provided different colors. For the jewelry, metallic colors are normally prefers. It is also worth noting that Rajasthan paintings are vanished to provide with adequate protection (Bhandari and Vandana 61). Wall hangings and other decorations on the walls are developed with dresses and mats. They are designed by sticking a number of decorative sequences such as mirrors. Glass is used for framing the paintings, but it is not necessary to use glass. A number of synthetic frames can be used. In the traditional systems, wooden frames made of teakwood or rosewood is used to develop frames, which provides an enhanced ethnic appearance of the objects (Ypma 47). Barnard, Nicholas. Arts and Craft s of India. London: Conran Octopus Limited, 2010. Print. Bhandari, Dhingra and Sudha Vandana. Textiles and Crafts of India. New Delhi: Prakash Book Depot, 2008. Print. Dongerkery, Kamala. Interior decoration in India: Past and Present. London, OUP, 2009. Print.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Interior Design: Indian Art, Craft and Color specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Edwards, Eiluned. Textiles and Dress of Gujarat. Ahmedabad: Mapin Publishing, 2011. Print. Ypma, Herbert. India modern: traditional forms and contemporary design. New Delhi: Phaidon Press, 2004. Print.

Analysis of the business operations of Toyota Essay

Analysis of the business operations of Toyota - Essay Example also been able to achieve competitive advantage within the highly competitive automobile industry across the globe by applying supply chain and inventory management concepts. The Toyota Prius is one of the products by Toyota that has helped the company to gain a competitive advantage because of its focus on providing greener energy solutions that the vehicle market desires. Additionally, Toyota also applies the lean philosophy of manufacturing that advocates for the minimization of any wastages and also focuses more on achieving cost reduction measures in order for the company to continue running efficiently. The Toyota Prius has been able to reduce costs because vehicle consumers have shifted from the conventional fuel powered vehicles that are usually affected by fuel costs. The company also solves its problems adequately by continuously training its staff on how to handle certain production challenges and also anticipate for such problems in future. With this, this essay will review and critically analyze the operations of the Toyota company with a keen focus on the Toyota Prius vehicle, which will also include figures that would illustrate the production process of the same. The production system applied by Toyota is highly standardized and it also effective because it eliminates wastages through the lean production and movement, which is one key principle in operations management (Eyob & Tetteh 2012, p. 225). Also known as the TPS (Toyota Production System), this philosophy tends to be customer oriented that have led to the adoption of the same strategy by other companies across the globe. This strategy is a flexible one and has helped in the running of daily activities at Toyota because of the outcomes that it seeks to achieve. According to Jayaram, Das & Nicolae (2010, p. 280), one of the desired outcomes that this process tends to have is that the company seeks to provide high quality vehicles to their consumers with the cost attached to them being as

Security Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Security - Case Study Example As technology grows, it has become much easier to work. You can store a lot of information and retrieve it very fast at the touch of a button. Well, this has brought to end the carrying of books and pens to meetings. This trend has also been picked up by hotels. They are introduced touch pad registers to manage their work efficiently and easily. A fast food franchise introduced touch pad registers. They issued each register with a password and a user ID to log into the system. It allowed them to input their passwords four times before the system locked. With time the system became harder to operate. The touch pads became greasy and some of the of the workers forgot the passwords. The system was a good idea, but it had several flaws in its design. The fact that this system needed a password and a user ID to log in, it became a problem when the workers forgot their passwords. When a worker entered the password there times unsuccessfully the system locked itself and needed the managers card to reboot the system. In cases where the manager is not present it would be impossible for the workers to use the system. It took some time for the system to reboot. This lost time could translate to looses. If a worker for the password and asked another worker to log in so that they could use the system, it will take it hard for the employers to track the activities in the fast food franchise. This was the main aim of introducing the touch pad register. The issue with the workers forgetting passwords was because of the keyboard layout. The managers complained about the time that it took to reboot the system. If the shift of a worker ended and they did not log out the system, it needed the manager to reboot the system that took a long time to do. The accumulation of grease on the touch pad made it harder for the workers to input their details. This is because the touch pad did not have any protection against the grease. With all these

Feminist Film Criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Feminist Film Criticism - Essay Example The movie stars Zhang Ziyi, as the female protagonist Nitta Sayuri2, who, through a relentless desire to achieve her one and only goal in life3, has made it to the peak of her pursuit to be a geisha and eventually to become the mistress of the oki-ya4. The social position of the geisha is best described as something peculiar to the society of its source. This is so because their status in the traditional civilization is to some extent considered as indeterminate. This undefined portrayal of a geisha was successfully clarified in the film. As manifestly illustrated in the film, a geisha was given an unsurpassed status in the Japanese society. It evidently gave justice to the frequently mistaken position of a geisha with respect to their status in the populace. More often than not, a geisha is mistakenly perceived and identified as a "prostitute". However, this misconception was effectively dismissed as the film nearly reached its conclusion. The viewers correspondingly learned that a geisha is far more different from a prostitute. Although seen as somewhat rundown, the oki-ya is viewed as a house having significantly acceptable structure in the society. Comparatively similar to a boarding house, oki-ya is where the geisha and the geisha trainees stay and settle. As seen in the movie, a Geisha House is not as terrible and horrific as that of a brothel house where prostitutes are maintained. Its social structure as traditionally acknowledged in the Japanese culture gives a clear view how oki-ya is boldly accepted in the society. One becomes a geisha after an extensive training from the time she enters the oki-ya where she eventually turns into an apprentice, serving the mistress of the house by doing the domestic chores. Sayuri entered the oki-ya at the age of nine (9) and started as a servant for the "mother" of the house and to Hatsumomo5, the only geisha in the house. She was then prepared and trained to become a geisha with Pumpkin in a training school, learning the arduous arts of a geisha, which include, among others, dance and music; elaborate make-up of pale white faces and their enthralling red lips; wearing the kimono, pouring sake to reveal just a slight touch of the inner wrist, and the remarkable struggle with jealous rivals for the attention of men of the higher class. As the American anthropologist Dalby stated in her book, a geisha's position in the society is unavoidably vague. She wrote: "(m)arked as [a geisha] is by both high and low prestige, the Geisha and her place in Japanese culture remain elusively ambiguous." [172] The fundamental role of a geisha is to entertain men in business and politics in Japan. They were trained to function as the very amusing and gracious hostess, usually, in an important gathering which prominent men would throw. An essential part of bringing entertainment is through music and dancing where they show their talents as developed by the extensive training they underwent. "Each geisha is highly accomplished in particular skills such as playing the koto, dancing or singing, but they all train for years in the more general arts of caring for their guests (or, strictly speaking, clients). [Hendry, Taylor and Francis, 201] The geisha house or the oki-ya is controlled by

Jungs View of Religion Essay Example for Free

Jungs View of Religion Essay I will be explaining Jung understands and his views of religion. Jung first starts with the key concept of the mind which is the three concepts of consciousness – consciousness, personal unconsciousness and the collective consciousness. Consciousness is where we actively make decisions and choices. The thoughts are based on a sensory experience e. g. the things we see, smell, hear, touch and taste. These are directly accessible. The personal conscious is out thoughts, feelings, urges which are difficult to bring to the consciousness and they are not directly accessible. They have been environmentally determined. The collective unconsciousness is inherited and the thoughts are shared by everyone – archetypes (inherited ideas: first prints or partners that form the basic blue print for major dynamic counterparts of the human personality. ) Jung believes that the archetypes pre exist in the collective unconscious of humanity. They determine how we both perceive and behave. Archetypes are the source of the ideas or images that is inherited instead of the ideas themselves. The experiences you have construct/create uniform images. We inherit a functional disposition to produce the same or very similar ideas not inherit the idea. This is the reason for a dream dictionary, for example a person could be dreaming that their friend is falling. So the falling is the image drawn from the archetype and the friend is from their experience. So the collective unconscious means that many of our ideas will be shared with people. There are different types of shared archetype examples are: the person – this is the mask that covers out true natures for the benefit of society. The mask could be good impressions of what is expected of us by others or the false impression to manipulate others behaviour and opinions. In our dreams the may manifest itself in images of ourselves appearing at a party in disguise. The shadow – this is our darker sides of us. In dreams it might reveal itself in the form of personification of evil e. g. Satan or monster. It could be deeper of our personality identity beings to be lost and individuals experience the chaos of getting closer to the material structure of psychic life. This commonly is found in the woods. The animus – is the masculine side of a female. They may appear as an exotic, sensual, young man or as heroes. The anima – is the female side of a male. They may appear as a  dancing girl, seductresses or goddess. Jung believes that the way neuroses(mental illness is caused by being psychically imbalanced) occurs is that it arises from being psychically imbalanced (so we become mentally ill if the when the psychic energy – psychological energy by which the work of the personality is performed isn’t flowing as well as it could. To maintain mental health all of the features of the personality need to be balanced so the psychic flows properly. There needs to be a balance between conscious and unconscious and the different archetype. If you fail to do this according to Jung this causes a mental disorder. Jung says through individuation (figuring out who you are and becoming your own self) you become psychically balanced personality through the addition of the range of archetypes into the conscious personality. There are two main process of individuation; the first part is when they come to terms with the outer environment with its challenges through work, friendship and relationship. The second part is from a middle age onwards is to come to terms with one’s own personality. For example a mid-life crisis, this is when someone is in the middle of their life they want what they never had in their youth age e.g. a sports car. They want to become psychically balanced as they missed out when they was youths. The things that come from the archetype such as images or thoughts are considered to be religious. Jung redefines religious thought as the numinous. This relies on Rudolf Otto’s understanding of the religious or numinous experience. According to Otto’s a numinous experience affects our consciousness which is caused by something external to our consciousness. Any experience which is archetypal in origin can be stated as religious. All archetypal images are ineffable (indescribable) . Our images of god are themselves archetypal. The concept of god is one of these primordial images (an archetype). Everyone is born with the tendency to generate religious images of god and angels . the actual image that we have of god are through our experiences in the world. An example of a case study is where Miss Miller had a dream about a moth’s desire for light. Jung said this parallel between god and light can be found in countless religious traditions e. g. the Aztec preoccupation with the sun and the Christian view of Jesus as ‘light of the world’. The role of religion is the process of individuation. The two reasons he gave was the self archetype this guides and controlled the innate process of individuation. Individuation is a religious process. The second reason is the self archetype generates images of wholeness. For example the mandala – means circle and is perfectly balanced, the design is symmetrical which represents the balance and wholeness same with Islamic art instead the repetitive patterns to show his eternality. Jung argues that god images are beneficial to our health. The images are used by the mind to individuate the personality, the personality then achieve its goal of integration. Religion now becomes clear, the ones that reject religion are therefore less likely to individuate successfully and is most likely to experience neurosis as a result. Jung concludes that the existence of an actual god is similar to Freud’s – there is no proof either way. We don’t know where the archetype actually comes from and we don’t know the origin of the-psyche because there are ineffable. As a psychic reality – god is real to those who experience the effect of archetypes. Jung always considered religious beliefs to be a natural expression of the collective unconscious.